灾害因子异常变化辨识新方法——异常度辨识法

笔者根据应用概率统计原理和自然灾害研究特点 ,提出了一种适用于自然灾害及其环境因素异常变化辨识的方法 ,简称异常度辨识法。应用实践证明 ,若取关键事件n≥ 4分析 ,当异常度指数 |Q|>1.5 0 (2 .0 )时 ,其分析结果的信度可达 93.1% (97.8% ) ,且其分析方法极为简便。     

灾害地图与灾害研究

灾害地图，作为一种专题地图，是地图方法在灾害研究中运用的基础。本文就灾害地图的组成、分类、编制、应用等问题作了探讨。     

论大气灾害链

本文从功能、结构和本质三个角度给出了灾害链的定义，提出了灾害环、致灾体和可能受灾体（移动或静止）的概念，对现实中的大气灾害链进行了分类；分析了它们的共性与个性。对其引起破坏作用和造成损失的因素，从致灾体、可能受灾体和灾体环境及其相互关系进行了探讨；对由此而引出的减防救灾的四种途径与“除、抑、避、抗、保、跑、救、治”八项指导原则，和与其有关的战略、策略及组织问题进行了简略讨论。     

中国季风边缘带的自然灾害及成因

本文提出并讨论了季风边缘带的概念范围，并按大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈等三个方面对自然灾害的特点和成因进行了论证。认为这个地区之所以成为一个自然灾害多发区是因该区气候、地质、地貌等均有利于自然灾害的形成和发展，人为作用加剧了灾害。     

区域减灾与可持续发展

根据我国区域灾害的特点, 分析了灾害实际中存在的问题, 提出了区域灾害研究必须加强承灾体脆弱性研究, 走可持续发展之路     

Reducing the risks posed by natural hazards and climate change: the need for a participatory dialogue between the scientific community and policy makers

In the last two decades we witnessed a progressive shift in the approach towards the reduction of the impact of natural hazards. From a general reactive approach, focusing on strengthening disaster response mechanisms, we have moved to proactive approaches. There has been recognition that each element of society, from public institutions to private sector, from community-based organizations to every single individual, can make a difference by acting before disasters strike to reduce the associated risks of human and economic losses. This proactive approach can be summarized in three words: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).Today, DRR is an approach used in several sectors and research areas. In the Development sphere, DRR is considered a key feature for sustainability of economic and development gains – especially for developing countries. Significantly, the United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) is titled “Risk and poverty in a changing climate” highlighting the importance of DRR in reducing poverty while being a means to address the challenges posed by adaptation to climate change.This paper, which serves as an introduction to the special issue of Environment Science & Policy on climate change impact on water-related disasters, intends to provide readers with an overview of the main policy frameworks addressing DRR internationally and in Europe. Further, it aims to offer some “food for thought” on the underlying opportunities we have to enhance the resilience of our communities towards the risks posed by weather-related hazards. It stresses the importance of governance of risks, which starts from an effective dialogue between the scientific community and the policy makers: those who have the responsibility to decide on the most cost-effective interventions to address climate change adaptation and risk reduction.     

Explosion at an aluminum factory caused by the July 2018 Japan floods: Investigation of damages and evacuation activities

An explosion at an aluminum factory occurred due to floods in Soja City, Okayama Prefecture, in July 2018. This study investigates the accident, its overall impact on local residents, and emergency management activities. The results of the study showed that several nearby structures and homes were damaged by the explosion. Concern for more explosions has led to the evacuation of residents of Shimobara area of Soja City. In Shimobara, residents had carried out voluntary disaster prevention activities before the disaster. After the explosion, Shimobara residents were able to evacuate safely in cooperation with the voluntary disaster prevention organization and the local government agency. The study revealed that there was a lack of information on chemical accident hazards shared by the factory with local government authorities and first responders, as well as with local residents. In order to be better prepared for technological accidents, and in particular accidents caused by natural disasters (known as Natechs), mechanisms for information sharing between companies and municipalities should be adopted.     

The role of schools in helping communities copes with earthquake disasters: the case of the 2010–2011 New Zealand earthquakes

ABSTRACT

This article draws from the author’s four-year study of five school communities hit by the 2010–2011 earthquake sequence in the Canterbury region of New Zealand to highlight the roles that schools played in supporting their communities in the aftermath of the disaster. The article begins by synthesising the relevant literature on disasters, schools in earthquake disasters, and the importance of schools to their communities, pre- and post-disaster. The following themes from the data are discussed: (a) the role of schools in their communities prior to the earthquakes; (b) the role of schools in immediate rescue and response; (c) the role of schools in short-term relief; and (d) the role of schools in long-term recovery. The author then argues that as more evidence shows that schools play such crucial roles in post-disaster response and recovery, we need to better prepare and support them to undertake these functions. Further, we need to recognise the wider roles schools play supporting local communities to build and sustain resilience as part of on-going community cohesion and connectedness, so that society is better prepared when major disasters occur.     

中国荒漠化灾害评估及其经济价值核算

本文对我国荒漠化的现状和危害进行了系统分析。运用货币估值方法对最新公布的荒漠化和水土流失监测数据进行计算，得出我国荒漠化危害的直接经济损失约642亿元/年，平均每天损失1.76亿元；其中几种主要荒漠化类型造成的经济损失分别为：水力侵蚀400亿元，风力侵蚀36亿元，盐渍化及有机质丢失造成的损失约186亿元；据估算每年因沙尘暴造成的经济损失超过13亿元，荒漠化及其衍生危害造成的间接经济损失约2889亿元/年。     

Environmental disaster education at the university level: an integrative approach

Because of the highly complex nature of chemical and nuclear accidents, efforts aimed at prevention, preparedness and response require the melding of many types of knowledge and the close collaboration of a wide range of professions. Nevertheless, the need for such integration and cooperation is not always strongly emphasized in university-level curricula. As a result, developing professionals have few opportunities to learn and practise unified models of environmental accident management. In an effort to foster a more integrative approach, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, has launched the “Environmental Disasters” project. The project crosses disciplinary boundaries with respect to both curriculum and enrollment. In terms of curriculum, the project examines chemical and nuclear accidents from a multi-dimensional perspective, considering not only regulatory, scientific and policy issues, but also the public health, social, and psychological implications. In terms of enrollment, the project brings together students from the full range of fields that are involved with environmental accidents, including engineering, public health, public administration, social work, psychology, nursing, communications, medicine, and environmental studies. Emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach, students work in multi-disciplinary teams as they explore theory, case studies and current research. In addition, the student teams develop detailed plans for addressing the effects of a chemical or nuclear disaster. With environmental accidents representing an on-going threat to health and safety, the approach discussed in this article may provide a useful model for environmental disaster education at the university level.