Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese-led development in Central and South America

Seizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild-cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar-part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14-fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10–50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply-side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.     

新型可见光催化剂BiVO4降解中成药制药废水

以Bi（NO3）3.5H2O和NH4VO3为原料,采用水热法制备了新型可见光BiVO4催化剂,并用X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱（IR）和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）对产品进行了结构表征,并将其应用于光催化降解中成药制药废水降解反应中,通过正交实验和单因素分析,考察了催化剂用量、空气流量、溶液pH值和助氧化剂H2O2对制药废水COD去除率、脱色率的影响。实验结果表明,水热产品属于单斜晶系BiVO4,其带隙能为2.41 eV,并具有良好的可见光催化活性。对于经10倍稀释的制药废水,BiVO4添加量为2 g/L,通氧量为120 L/h,助氧化剂H2O2添加量为1 mL,不改变废水pH值,在400 W金属卤化物灯离液面11 cm照射反应180 min的条件下,制药废水的COD去除率为94.3%,脱色率为95.6%,得到了较好的降解。     

不同中药复方对锦鲤免疫功能的影响

以锦鲤为实验研究对象,研究3种中药复方制剂对锦鲤免疫功能的影响。结果表明,3种中药复方制剂对锦鲤血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和尿素氮含量均有一定的降低诱导作用,1号（黄芪、当归、益母草等）复方组的尿素氮含量降低显著（P〈0.05）;对锦鲤肝脏免疫能力均有增强作用,1号（黄芪、当归、益母草等）、3号（灵芝、大黄、黄柏等）复方组可显著提高肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和总抗氧化能力（P〈0.05）,2号（红景天、刺五加、香菇等）复方组可使肝脏溶菌酶活性显著升高（P〈0.05）。     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.     

SBR法处理化学药物制剂废水

采用 ＳＨＲ法处理化学药物制剂废水． 调节 ｐＨ至７．５,进水 ＣＯＤｃｒ ２２４～１５３０ ｍｍ／Ｌ,曝气１０ ｈ, ＣＯＤｃｒ容积负荷达２．５８ｋｇ／ｍ~３·ｄ,ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率高达９４．２％,处理后出水ＣＯＤｃｒ＜１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,达到综合排放标准（ＧＢ８９７－９６）一级标准。ＣＯＤｃｒ容积负荷至３．８４ ｋｇ／ｍ~３·ｄ, ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率仍＞８５．９％。     

一种解毒健脾中药驱除有毒重金属的机理研究

在３８．５±１℃,硝酸钾维持离子强度为０．１的条件下,用ｐＨ电位滴定法测定了一种解毒健脾中药有效成分与铅、镉、汞等离子形成的各各配合物的表观稳定常数,得到了在不同ｐＨ条件下该中该药与金属离子混合体系中各配合物组分的物种分布图,发现在与人体生理ｐＨ相近的条件下,该中药与铅、镉、汞等离子有良好的结合能力,其排除体内有毒重金属的效果远好于传统的ＥＤＴＡ－Ｚｎ盐,并且对体内必需微量元素Ｚｎ的存在不会产生明     

应用膜生物反应器处理药酒废水的启动试验初探

为了推广膜生物反应器在实际工程中的应用,对平板式膜生物反应器处理药酒厂废水时的启动方式展开探讨。试验采用了三种方式,结果表明通过膜出水,逐渐提高容积负荷的方式,不仅启动最快,而且膜污染较轻,是一种简洁、可行的启动方式。     

中江县无公害中药材基地农业环境质量监测与评价

无公害产品的产地农业生态环境质量是影响无公害产品质量的重要因子之一。对中江县中药材产业化基地调查资料和实际监测结果表明：中江县中药材产业化基地农业环境未受到污染,适合无公害中药材的生产。     

Towards an integrated approach of disaster and environment management: A case study of Thua Thien Hue province,central Viet Nam

Disasters and environmental degradation create serious problems all around the world. They are inherently linked, but little attention is paid to their interaction, particularly at local levels. The degree of integration of disaster management and risk analysis with environmental management programs in relation to human vulnerability has been examined in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Viet Nam. Unsustainable agricultural practices, and inappropriate development programs have contributed substantially to the increase of disaster risks. On the other hand, disasters damage natural resources and reduce environmental quality, indirectly contributing to increasing poverty which in turn, adds to the vulnerability of both natural and human systems, so further increasing disaster losses. Notwithstanding, in Viet Nam, there is a big gap between disaster and environment management policies and programs. In order to bridge the gap, an integrated approach in which environment-disaster linkage, rural—urban linkage, and poverty are brought into focus as core aspects of disaster management.