跨世纪的中国安全科学学科建设及新拓展

概要分析了安全科学技术学科体系结构,指出学科扩展的思路;提出了学科建设中必须树立全新的观念：安全文化观、大安全观、可持续发展观、综合安全减灾论;探讨了安全减灾科学技术面临的难题和对策;构想安全减灾环保为一体的科学技术新框架     

阪神大震后的日本震灾防御——安徽省城市防震减灾代表团赴日考察见闻

通过赴日考察,介绍了阪神大地震后日本政府在地震立法、制订地震防灾计划、地震应急指挥、地震预报研究以及抗震设防等方面所做的工作,以期对我们有所借鉴。     

A GIS-based vulnerability assessment of coastal natural hazards,state of Pará, Brazil

Studies carried out in the NE coastal zone of the State of Pará (Brazil) have recorded, in the last 25 years, numerous evidence of natural impacts of the flood and erosion processes. As a consequence, diverse strategies and measures of population adaptation have been implemented but with limited success. Therefore, in order to subsidize the Coastal Zone Management Program of Pará, this paper aims to identify, assess and classify natural and socio-economic vulnerabilities of this coastal zone by means of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS)-based composite coastal vulnerability index (CVI). In spite of the data problems and shortcomings, using ESRI’s Arcview 3.2 program, the CVI score, to classify, weight and combine a number of 16 separate natural and socio-economic variables to create a single indicator provides a reliable measure of differences (5 classes) among regions and communities that are exposed to similar ranges of hazards. The results are presented in three maps referred to as Natural, Socioeconomic and Total Vulnerability. The confidence associated with the results obtained, the need to utilize another variables, and to frequently update the ones used already were analyzed and discussed.     

High-Frequency Zone of River Desiccation Disasters in China and Influencing Factors

In recent years, the desiccation of the lower Yellow River has raised concerns in the government, public, and scientific community in China. Long-term and widespread desiccation of rivers is a disaster with many adverse environmental implications. It has been found in this study that there exists a high-frequency zone of river desiccation disasters at 34°–42°N in the North China Plain. The hazardous environment is characterized by semiarid climate, widely distributed thick loess in the basin and a “hanging river bed” in the plain as well as unfavorable man–water–land coupling relationships. In this setting, the sharply increased water diversion by man since the late 1950s led to the occurrence of river desiccation disasters in the lower reaches of the river in this area.     

Tourists and disasters: lessons from the 26 December 2004 tsunamis

The 26 December 2004 tsunamis around the Indian Ocean exposed the vulnerability of many coastal communities, including those serving tourists. To draw conclusions regarding disaster risk reduction for tourism in coastal areas, this study surveyed international tourists who survived the tsunami regarding their perceptions and experiences of the disaster. Semi-structured interviews were completed between January and June 2005 of 55 primary interviewees who were international tourists in locations affected by the tsunami. The qualitative data from the interviews yielded commonalities across four main themes with relevance to disaster risk reduction: information and awareness, warning systems, personal preparation, and livelihoods. Three areas are suggested as topics to highlight for further investigation: the connections between sustainable tourism and disaster vulnerability, the role of tourists in disasters, and disaster risk reduction education.     

Public Discourse and the Rhetorical Construction of the Technospecter

Modern technological disasters and their human and environmental consequences often defy the imagination in their immensity and complexity. As such, their rhetorical constructions often lack tangibility and a sense of material reality for those not directly involved. These amorphous constructions are consolidated into a view of technological disaster and threats of disaster in which the rhetorical dimensions are analogous to those of ghosts portrayed in popular literature and film—a view the author terms the “technospecter.” Drawing on the public discourse surrounding a tragic pipeline explosion near Carlsbad, New Mexico, this study identifies the rhetorical dimensions of the technospecter and discusses how the construction of the specter reinforces the meta-narratives that constrain pro-environmental action.     

‘Are you prepared?’ Representations and management of floods in Lomanikoro,Rewa (Fiji)

The islands of Fiji, in the Western Pacific, are exposed to a wide range of natural hazards. Tropical storms and associated floods are recurring natural phenomena, but it has been regularly alleged that Fijians lack preparation, over‐rely on state assistance in post‐disaster situations or engage in risky behaviours that aggravate the negative impact of floods. Risk reduction strategies, which are now implemented by government authorities and international organisations, heavily promote the principle of ‘community preparedness’. Both community awareness programmes and capacity‐building programmes are conducted throughout the country in the most vulnerable communities. This paper analyses how the inhabitants of Lomanikoro village, in the low areas of the Rewa Delta, perceive and manage existing flood risks. It examines social and cultural factors that contribute to shape risk response locally—in particular, why villagers may be reluctant to adopt some recommended preparedness measures and resettle in higher, safer zones.     

灾级及其释义

本文提出了通用的灾级概念，并进行了具体的解释，可以作为各种灾害事故严重程度或等级大小的评价标志。     

导弹核武器核事故应急有关问题研究

对导弹核武器核事故应急的主要任务、特点、组织指挥以及力量运用等问题进行了探讨 ,导弹核武器核事故的应急问题是一项涉及体制、人员、装备、技术、科学理论等方面的复杂系统工程 ,笔者结合实际 ,有针对性的研究了事故应急有关的问题 ,可为导弹核武器核事故应急提供理论指导     

陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性评价研究

自然灾害脆弱性评价研究对于提高区域防灾减灾能力具有重要现实意义。以陕西省10市1区为例,选取6个子系统29项指标,运用均方差赋权法对陕西区域性自然灾害脆弱性进行评价研究。结果表明:自然条件、经济和基础设施3个子系统是影响陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性的主要因素;经济、社会和基础设施等因素是区域应灾能力的重要表现,直接影响着区域自然灾害脆弱性的高低;陕西省区域性自然灾害脆弱性具有显著的时空分布特征,关中平原及陕南秦巴山区各地级市、区自然灾害脆弱性高于陕北地区。