应急准备文化现状调研与分析研究

应急准备文化是国家应急管理重要的基础,也是当前应急准备研究领域颇受关注的热点之一。为进一步调查了解我国广大公众应急准备文化现状与存在的主要问题,以公众应急意识,应急准备能力、公众对应急管理现状满意度和未来的应急准备需求四个方面为主要内容,通过调查问卷和统计分析了解公众对突发事件的风险感知和基本应对能力。结果显示,我国应急准备文化基础薄弱,政府应急管理能力亟待提高。并提出应急准备文化建设的具体建议。     

Individual relocation decisions after tornadoes: a multi‐level analysis

This study examines how multi‐level factors affected individuals' relocation decisions after EF4 and EF5 (Enhanced Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale) tornadoes struck the United States in 2013. A telephone survey was conducted with 536 respondents, including oversampled older adults, one year after these two disaster events. Respondents' addresses were used to associate individual information with block group‐level variables recorded by the American Community Survey. Logistic regression revealed that residential damage and homeownership are important predictors of relocation. There was also significant interaction between these two variables, indicating less difference between homeowners and renters at higher damage levels. Homeownership diminished the likelihood of relocation among younger respondents. Random effects logistic regression found that the percentage of homeownership and of higher income households in the community buffered the effect of damage on relocation; the percentage of older adults reduced the likelihood of this group relocating. The findings are assessed from the standpoint of age difference, policy implications, and social capital and vulnerability.     

Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake

ABSTRACT

In an effort to understand the social-physical vulnerabilities from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this research established and validated a conceptual model for natural disaster analysis. The earthquake severely impacted the built environment, with many buildings being destroyed in the earthquake and from secondary impacts. This vulnerable environment exacerbated the poverty in the local residents because of the lack of flat land and the inaccessibility of the mountainous areas. Therefore, there was an interactive relationship between the built environment vulnerability and the social vulnerability. Due to general poverty and low education levels, social vulnerability in rural areas is often the result of poor quality building construction; in the event of an earthquake, therefore, most economic losses and casualties are the result of building destruction. To enhance social-physical resilience, measures should be adopted to mitigate the vulnerability of the built environment and society through actions such as land use planning, the use of seismic-resistant technologies, and investment in infrastructure, education, industrial development, and environmental protection. This research extracts the reasons for the vulnerabilities through an examination of the interactions between the natural environment, the built environment, and the local society. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications in assisting vulnerable communities resist and adapt to natural hazards to achieve sustainable development.     

关于城市公共安全可持续发展理论的初步研究

针对城市公共安全的复杂性与动态性 ,创造性地将可持续发展理论应用到城市公共安全研究中 ,概述城市公共安全可持续发展系统的基本组成 ,结合实际进行系统的结构特征分析 ;运用可靠度理论 ,探讨了系统可持续发展指标的量化及其模型建立 ;以Logistic修正模型为例 ,提出了系统评价预测研究的方法论 ,共同构建城市公共安全可持续发展理论的基本框架。为城市公共安全的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

Earthquake drills and simulations in community-based training and preparedness programmes

The San Francisco, California, bay area is subject to continuous seismic risk. One particular response has been the development of community-based training programmes designed to teach residents basic emergency response skills. Citizens are taught emergency medical techniques, search and rescue, fire suppression and other fundamental response skills. Current estimates in the Bay Area place the number of programmes at more than 100. Many programmes now include an annual community drill to reinforce the training and to evaluate the programme. The study described here is based on an evaluation of an effort initiated by BayNET (Bay Area Neighborhood Emergency Training), a voluntary association of communities with community-based disaster preparedness programmes. In April 1996, BayNET asked all of its members to hold a community earthquake drill. After the drill, a mail survey was conducted of all programme managers. The survey examined the structure and administration of the programmes, training efforts and other related components. This paper describes the typology of drill formats that communities used, the role of the simulation in the city's preparedness efforts, the qualitative costs and benefits, as well as an assessment of the drill based on survey respondents.     

发展新兴交叉学科—城市灾害学

城市灾害学是一门随着工业化发展而逐步产生的一门新学科。本文在分析城市灾害学的研究基础及进展的同时，探讨了城市灾害学的理论框架及分支学科。     

陕西省林火灾害及预防对策

应用陕西省5大林区9a火灾个例及相关资料，分析得出陕西省林火的时空分布规律，火源特点，林火造成的灾害，林火发生发展的影响因子，并提出了相应的森林防火对策。     

灰色系统理论在岩崩,滑坡监测中的应用

本文根据灰色系统理论，利用１９９０～１９９３年的ＧＰＳ观测结果，建立了岩崩、滑坡的预测模型ＧＭ（１．１）。同时进行了灰色关联度分析，从而求得新滩滑坡区的地壳形变规律。由于该区地处长江三峡工程的重要地段，因此进行长期监测是非常必要的     

长江口未来环境演变的若干影响因子及减灾对策

三峡水库建成、南水北调逐步实施和沿江抽水加剧将使下一世纪长江入海水沙特征发生重大变化；长江口相对海面在未来１００年中将上升１ｍ左右；全球气温上升将使本区夏季降水增多、台风频率增大。下世纪在这些因素影响下：（１）长江口海岸工程需增加投入约相当于现有工程量的１／２，方能维持现有的安全系数；（２）潮滩湿地将动态损失相当于现有面积的５０％以上；（３）冲刷岸段将增多，淤涨岸段将减少；（４）洪涝威胁将明显加重，需将抽排水能力提高４～５倍；（５）因海面上升引起的特枯季节灾害性海（咸）水入侵则可望通过三峡水库的调节功能得以控制。     

地震救灾路径优化预设计方法

在紧急地震救灾期往往来不及优选通往现场的最短路径，由于地震破坏城市的交通系统，改变其可通行性，震前又不能按照静态的最短路算法进行设计。因此，本文在进行路径可通行性破坏概率预测与控制的基础上，给出了为重点救灾目标设计最佳安全度最短路径的图与网络算法