Individual preparedness and mitigation actions for a predicted earthquake in Istanbul

This study investigated the process of taking action to mitigate damage and prepare for an earthquake at the individual level. Its specific aim was to identify the factors that promote or inhibit individuals in this process. The study was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey—where an earthquake is expected soon—in May and June 2006 using qualitative methods. Within our conceptual framework, three different patterns emerged among the study subjects. Outcome expectancy, helplessness, a low socioeconomic level, a culture of negligence, a lack of trust, onset time/poor predictability, and normalisation bias inhibit individuals in this process, while location, direct personal experience, a higher education level, and social interaction promote them. Drawing on these findings, the paper details key points for better disaster communication, including whom to mobilise to reach target populations, such as individuals with direct earthquake experience and women.     

Revealing the socioeconomic impact of small disasters in Colombia using the DesInventar database

Small disasters are usually the product of climate variability and climate change. Analysis of them illustrates that they increase difficulties for local development—frequently affecting the livelihoods of poor people and perpetuating their level of poverty and human insecurity—and entail challenges for a country's development. In contrast to extreme events, small disasters are often invisible at the national level and their effects are not considered as relevant from a macroeconomic standpoint. Nevertheless, their accumulated impact causes economic, environmental and social problems. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the DesInventar database, developed in 1994 by the Network for Social Studies in Disaster Prevention in Latin America. In addition, it proposes a new version of the Local Disaster Index developed in 2005 within the framework of the Disaster Risk and Management Indicators Program for the Americas, with the support of the Inter‐American Development Bank.     

Urban earthquake hazard: perceived seismic risk and preparedness in Dhaka City,Bangladesh

Bangladesh is vulnerable to seismic events. Experts suspect that if an earthquake with a 7.0 magnitude occurred in large cities of Bangladesh, there would be a major human tragedy due to the structural failure of many buildings. The primary objectives of this paper are to examine seismic risk perception among residents of Dhaka City and investigate their levels of earthquake preparedness. A questionnaire survey conducted among 444 residents of the city provided the major source of data for the paper. The survey results suggest that an overwhelming majority of the respondents were not prepared for a major earthquake, which is anticipated to occur in Dhaka. Multivariate analysis of survey data reveals that value of residential unit and respondent educational levels appear as the most significant determinants of preparedness status of the respondents. This study recommends increasing earthquake awareness and preparedness among residents of Dhaka City.     

基于FAHP法的城市社区应急准备能力评估

通过分析城市社区应急能力的影响因素,论述了城市社区应急准备能力评估指标集的建立方法和基于模糊层次综合评价法的评估模型构建方案,建立了城市社区应急准备能力评估模型,并结合实例进行了分析,为城市社区应急准备能力的定量综合评价提供了新思路。     

危机型突发事件应对与挑战

危机型突发事件应急准备与处置是当前应急管理工作中最前沿的科学与实践课题。作者在总结最近几年国内外重大事故灾难应对经验与教训的基础上,阐述了危机型突发事件的基本概念,论述了危机型突发事件的特点与形成条件,提出了针对我国应急管理实际情况加强危机型突发事件应急准备的建议。     

智能型城市防洪除涝决策支持系统总体设计研究

智能型城市防洪除涝决策支持系统是城市防洪除涝减灾的一种综合性非工程 措施。本文根据作者的经验总结和研究工作,着重阐述了其总体设计的思路、原 则、特点、及结构设计,并对专家系统、GIS技术、遥感遥测技术等高新科技在 城市防洪除涝减灾辅助决策中的作用,作了专门论述。     

京津冀一体化的地震灾害应急准备分区*

为研究京津冀地区地震灾害应急准备分区问题,针对京津冀地区地震灾害风险及应对特点,构建地震应急准备选址评价指标体系,设计Jenks-AHP方法计算京津冀地区13个城市应急准备选址优先度,基于运筹学经典LP模型,运用数学规划、GIS系统V图及缓冲区分析技术,给出京津冀地震应急准备分区的3种优选方案。结果表明:在应急覆盖面积最大和应急响应时间最短的目标规划下,2个分区应选择以北京、石家庄为应急中心的区划为最优方案;3个分区应选择以北京、天津、石家庄为救援中心的区划为最优方案;4个分区应选择以北京、天津、石家庄和唐山为救援中心的区划为最优方案。研究结果可为京津冀3地打破行政区划壁垒,开展一体化应急准备体系规划和应急资源储备布局提供决策参考。     

A Quantitative Method for Estimating Probable Public Costs of Hurricanes

/ A method is presented for estimating probable public costs resulting from damage caused by hurricanes, measured as local government expenditures approved for reimbursement under the Stafford Act Section 406 Public Assistance Program. The method employs a multivariate model developed through multiple regression analysis of an array of independent variables that measure meteorological, socioeconomic, and physical conditions related to the landfall of hurricanes within a local government jurisdiction. From the regression analysis we chose a log-log (base 10) model that explains 74% of the variance in the expenditure data using population and wind speed as predictors. We illustrate application of the method for a local jurisdiction-Lee County, Florida, USA. The results show that potential public costs range from $4.7 million for a category 1 hurricane with winds of 137 kilometers per hour (85 miles per hour) to $130 million for a category 5 hurricane with winds of 265 kilometers per hour (165 miles per hour). Based on these figures, we estimate expected annual public costs of $2.3 million. These cost estimates: (1) provide useful guidance for anticipating the magnitude of the federal, state, and local expenditures that would be required for the array of possible hurricanes that could affect that jurisdiction; (2) allow policy makers to assess the implications of alternative federal and state policies for providing public assistance to jurisdictions that experience hurricane damage; and (3) provide information needed to develop a contingency fund or other financial mechanism for assuring that the community has sufficient funds available to meet its obligations. KEY WORDS: Hurricane; Public costs; Local government; Disaster recovery; Disaster response; Florida; Stafford Act     

新世纪地震事业发展战略思考

面对 2 1世纪知识经济占主导地位的新时代 ,地震事业如何随之变革 ,以应对市场经济的挑战 ?本文对之进行了思考。列举了目前制约地震工作发展的诸项因素 ,提出了相应的应对措施。在深化改革方面 ,提出了稳定一支精干的日常地震工作队伍、组建一支高水平的地震科研精干队伍、强化一支具有竞争实力的市场开发队伍、优化一支复合型管理干部队伍等措施     

突发职业中毒事故应急准备研究

应急准备是应急管理过程中一个极其关键的过程,它针对可能发生的事故,为迅速有效地开展应急行动做各种准备。只有有了充分的应急准备,才能在事故发生时进行充分有效的响应。该文探讨了突发职业中毒事故应急响应的组织和人员准备、应急预案准备、应急响应行动准备、事故信息监测与报警准备、应急资源准备和应急培训与演练准备的各项内容与具体做法,帮助企业做好突发职业中毒事故应急的各项准备,以便事故发生时进行及时有效地事故应急响应,防止突发职业中毒事故造成更大的损失。