论长江经济带大气污染防治的若干问题与防治对策

长江经济带是世界上最大的内河产业带和制造业基地,建设长江经济带是新时期中国三大国家发展战略之一,积极、有效地保护长江经济带生态环境具有非常重要的战略意义。本研究从识别突出的大气污染防治问题入手,深入分析大气污染的主要驱动力产业与能源结构,以问题为靶向,提出长江经济带的大气污染防治策略。研究结果发现,占国土面积21%的长江经济带排放了全国34%的二氧化硫、32%的氮氧化物、28%的烟粉尘、44%的挥发性有机物、43%的氨,单位面积污染物排放强度是全国平均水平的1.3~2.1倍,污染物排放远超环境容量。长江经济带126个城市中,6项主要大气污染物年平均浓度全部达标的城市比例不到1/3。颗粒物是影响城市达标的主要污染物。长江经济带产业结构偏重和能源消费以煤为主,是造成大气污染排放量的主要源头,是大气污染的主要驱动力。以解决突出的大气环境问题为核心,将环境质量作为大气污染防治的底线,持续推进空气质量改善,重点措施上,从大气污染驱动力着手,提出优化产业与能源结构、深化多污染物协同控制、推进区域联防联控等大气污染防治对策建议。     

大气重污染预警区域联防联控协作体系构建——以京津冀地区为例

为改善大气环境质量、破除现有的环境保护与管理体制障碍,本文从京津冀地区大气重污染防治的现实意义出发,对比分析了属地管理模式的局限性与联防联控体系的优越性,探讨了京津冀地区构建大气污染联防联控体系的必要性。通过梳理大气重污染预警区域联防联控的发展历程及该地区联防联控的成功实践案例,从工作机制、联动机制、协同机制三方面提出了京津冀地区的联防联控体系构建框架以及具体实施举措,重点包括创新区域空气改善总体规划、统一加强大气污染源管控、建立落实政府环境绩效考核、建立区域生态环保专项资金等。     

How the Toxics Use Reduction Act continues to promote clean production Internationally

The Massachusetts’ Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) of 1989 set an important milestone in the roadmap to Clean Production. The Act’s focus on a clear definition, methodology, and mandatory planning requirements have proved successful in getting companies in Massachusetts to reduce their use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing processes. Such results are inspirational for government officials and advocacy groups attempting to reduce toxic emissions in their communities and set progressive chemicals use policies. This paper will summarize three initiatives where TURA was a catalyst and continues to impact international chemicals policy: the Sewer Use By-law in Toronto, Canada; the European Union’s REACH chemicals legislation and the international campaign by Greenpeace in Asia and Latin America to achieve zero discharge of hazardous substances into rivers. The example of Toronto and REACH show how one or more essential aspects of TURA were incorporated into legislation. In the case of REACH TURA’s requirement of mandatory planning became an important example and NGO demand during the formation of Europe’s new chemicals regulation and resulted in the first substitution assessment planning requirement in EU wide legislation. Work is now ongoing to promote TURA type legislation in Latin America and Asia. However the ability to transfer the TURA framework to regions with inadequate government oversight and cheap disposal costs is seriously hampered. Although NGO campaigns in Asian and Latin America advocate zero discharge of hazardous emissions through toxics use reduction and elimination, much training and accountability will be needed within government and companies to understand the benefits of toxics use reduction and actually implement all or parts of the TURA framework. The Toxics Use Reduction Act came into force in 1989 with high environmental awareness, an engaged citizenry and a responsive government entity. Perhaps these are the same conditions that must exist for its successful transference to industrializing countries.     

岩石声发射监测技术应用分析──对三峡水利枢纽运行时库区内滑坡实时动态监测的建议

简要介绍了三峡库区运行时滑坡实时监测的主要内容，介绍了以防大灾为目的的多参数、多手段、多方位的长期、快速有效的动态监测系统，并分析了岩石声发射监测技术的应用前景和为此需进一步研究的问题．     

汶川地震典型教学楼附加BRB支撑防倒塌加固效果分析

以汶川地震震中附近的一栋典型RC框架结构为背景,采用BRB支撑加固来增强其抗震能力,并采用基于动力增量分析(IDA)的地震倒塌易损性分析方法,对加固后的抗倒塌能力及其影响参数进行了分析。结果显示,以结构抗倒塌能力为目标,BRB支撑方案的加固效果要好于普通支撑加固方案,相同参数情况下,A形支撑布置方案的加固效果好于X形支撑布置方案。     

基坑开挖地质灾害分析及智能监测系统研究

随着地下空间的广泛、深入利用，深基坑工程应运而生，它解决了许多技术难题，使得一幢幢高楼能拔地而起。但基坑工程的开挖也会带来很多危险，产生许多地质灾害，围绕这个问题进行了分析。研究认为，进行智能监测是防治有关灾害的良策。     

首都圈防沙治沙水土资源空间优化配置研究——以大兴、怀来、张北为例

首都圈是近年来北京沙尘暴天气日益严重的重要沙尘源区之一。研究区中大兴区代表的是华北平原北缘落叶阔叶林灌草丛典型区;怀来县代表的是桑干河、洋河盆地灌木草原典型区;张北县代表的是坝上高原西部干草原典型区。论文通过了解水土资源利用的变化情况,分析水土资源利用现状和存在问题;利用中国资源环境遥感数据库中的土地利用现状、中国1∶1000000土地资源图等数据,以水资源为最重要的限制因素,通过灰色线性规划模型,以防沙治沙和发展经济、实现区域可持续发展为目标,进行水土资源优化配置;结合不同区域水土资源利用的突出问题,将水土资源优化配置方案落实到空间;建立区域水土资源比较合理、有效利用的方案。大兴的重要措施是平原旱耕地转变为中覆盖度草地,怀来是陡坡地退耕,张北是提高草地的覆盖度。     

High-Frequency Zone of River Desiccation Disasters in China and Influencing Factors

In recent years, the desiccation of the lower Yellow River has raised concerns in the government, public, and scientific community in China. Long-term and widespread desiccation of rivers is a disaster with many adverse environmental implications. It has been found in this study that there exists a high-frequency zone of river desiccation disasters at 34°–42°N in the North China Plain. The hazardous environment is characterized by semiarid climate, widely distributed thick loess in the basin and a “hanging river bed” in the plain as well as unfavorable man–water–land coupling relationships. In this setting, the sharply increased water diversion by man since the late 1950s led to the occurrence of river desiccation disasters in the lower reaches of the river in this area.     

柴达木盆地环境问题及对策建议

柴达木盆地连接西藏、新疆南疆、河西走廊,在西部大开发中处于重要的战略地位。本文对盆地的地貌,森林、草地、水矿藏等环境的现状,存在的主要环境问题进行了详细论述,提出了防治对策建议。