山区的一种特殊灾害生态现象研究

山区泥石流发生后的泥石流滩地呈现复杂多样的生态过程,是山区所特有的一种灾害生态现象,在人烟稀少的较高海拔,泥石流滩地植物生长表现为一种自然恢复过程。通过贡嘎山东坡高海拔黄崩溜沟泥石流滩地上发生的灾害生态现象和过程的实地研究、发现泥石流滩地植物的生态过程和群落特征,可以揭示近代泥石流的形成时间和自然植被生态系统的演替规律。研究表明,加强泥石灾害生态现象的研究,可以促进灾害学与生态学科的渗透,具有重要     

干片采样法在海滩大气氯离子监测中的饱和现象浅析

目的探索干片采样法在海滩大气氯离子监测中的应用。方法针对海南海滩大气氯离子监测过程中出现的饱和现象,分析其形成的原因和影响因素,提出制定监测方案的应对措施,以及测试结果的表征方法。结果 A地区的1号、2号采样点和万宁站海洋平台采样时间为7天、19天的氯离子监测存在饱和现象,3号采样点3个采样周期的监测都没有出现饱和现象。结论海滩大气环境中,海浪高度与空气中氯离子的沉降速率有较强的关联性。缩短采样时间,增加采样次数,适当增加平行样数量和监测点的数量,可降低饱和现象监测结果的影响。A地区海滩氯离子的沉降速率为7.61 mg/(100 cm~2·d),万宁站海滨的氯离子的沉降速率可确定为大于5.99 mg/(100 cm~2.d)。     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Stationarity: Wanted Dead or Alive?1

Lins, Harry F. and Timothy A. Cohn, 2011. Stationarity: Wanted Dead or Alive? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):475‐480. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00542.x Abstract: Aligning engineering practice with natural process behavior would appear, on its face, to be a prudent and reasonable course of action. However, if we do not understand the long‐term characteristics of hydroclimatic processes, how does one find the prudent and reasonable course needed for water management? We consider this question in light of three aspects of existing and unresolved issues affecting hydroclimatic variability and statistical inference: Hurst‐Kolmogorov phenomena; the complications long‐term persistence introduces with respect to statistical understanding; and the dependence of process understanding on arbitrary sampling choices. These problems are not easily addressed. In such circumstances, humility may be more important than physics; a simple model with well‐understood flaws may be preferable to a sophisticated model whose correspondence to reality is uncertain.     

自然灾害的概念,等级

自然灾害是人类可持续发展的最大障碍之一。减轻自然灾害带来的损失和消除其影响是世界各国都在努力的目标。自然灾害的系统研究始于本世纪６０年代,到８０年代,“灾害热”已扩展到整个世界。全世界每年用在灾害科学方面的研究经费在１００亿美元以上。     

物候因子干旱灾害长期预报

用植物物候现象作为气候预报因子,与长期预报对象建立相关模式,反映气候因子的综合性,具有较好的物理意义。本文主要用茶树、橡胶树的第一个物候现象为预报因子,采取统计分级相关的方法,预报秋季干旱趋势。     

土壤物理学与天灾预测关系的讨论

本文论述了土壤层中的物理现象和物理过程,并讨论了这些现象和过程与天灾发生、发展的内在联系。     

Prenatal diagnosis of renal agenesis in a twin gestation

Bilateral renal agenesis is a lethal congenital anomaly. It appears to be transmitted in a polygenic pattern. The prenatal ultrasound findings consist of severe oligohydramnios, absence of the fetal bladder, and failure to identify fetal kidneys. Twin gestations with renal agenesis have been described in the paediatric literature. We detail a case of a patient with two prior affected pregnancies with bilateral renal agenesis. Her latest pregnancy was diagnosed prenatally, with one fetus with bilateral and the other fetus with unilateral renal agenesis. The ultrasound findings should be differentiated from the stuck twin phenomenon.     

马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象机理研究

马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象严重威胁着该矿的安全生产,掌握其机理意义重大。笔者在统计并分析该矿煤与瓦斯动力现象的基础上,以上山掘进和石门揭煤为例,根据煤与瓦斯动力现象发生后遗留的典型孔洞形状,采用RFPA-Flow对其进行数值模拟。通过数值模拟反演出了该矿动力现象发生的地质条件及过程,得出了马家沟矿煤与瓦斯动力现象机理,并通过数据处理,得出了在动力现象前后掘进头前方煤体内地应力、瓦斯压力分布状况及卸压区宽度变化规律。     

地下复杂组合受限空间火灾分区现象与初期模式实验研究

主要介绍地下狭长与组合受限空间油料介质火灾分区现象、初期火灾主要模式模拟实验研究结果与讨论;地下组合受限空间火灾呈现出特殊的分区现象。一般可分为燃烧区、新鲜空气补充区、烟气流区、过渡区和火焰后面的“惰化区”五区。有上下两层的地下复杂组合受限空间可分为燃烧区、烟气流区、新鲜空气补充区和“惰化区”4区。地下受限空间(包括组合受限空间、容积式受限空间和狭长受限空间)密闭条件下火灾初期模式主要有：爆炸、爆炸减弱、爆炸增强、燃烧、爆燃向爆轰发展。地下复杂组合受限空间下部与下部狭长受限空间分别全开口条件下着火后火灾主要模式为爆炸、燃烧、爆炸后持续燃烧、爆炸后短时燃烧、爆炸后发展为出口外爆炸;爆炸又可分为爆炸强度逐步加强、爆炸由爆燃发展为爆轰、爆炸强度逐步减弱。