《大气污染防治行动计划》实施对经济与环境的潜在影响

基于全产业链视角,采用资源环境投入产出模型,定量化模拟了在现有产业技术条件下国家《大气污染防治行动计划》(下称《计划》项目)实施对社会经济和资源环境的潜在影响. 结果表明,《计划》项目实施:①将拉动我国GDP累计增加20 570×108元,非农就业岗位累计增加260×104个,起到刺激经济发展、促进社会就业等作用;②将直接带动环保装备制造、建筑安装、综合技术服务、锅炉技术改造以及新能源汽车等相关行业的发展,同时通过产业链关联间接带动金属冶炼压延加工业,化学工业(不含塑料和橡胶,下同),非金属矿物制品业,电力、热力的生产和供应业等传统高耗能、高污染产业的发展;③将累计新增SO₂、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量分别为121.3×104、96.0×104和60.7×104 t,年均新增排放量相当于预期减排能力的3.8%、2.2%、2.2%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业,金属冶炼压延加工业,非金属矿物制品业,化学工业以及石油加工炼焦核燃料加工业等5个行业;④将累计新增煤炭、水资源消耗量分别为1.6×108和108.2×108 t,二者的年均新增消耗量相当于2010年消耗量的1.05%和0.36%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业及金属冶炼压延加工业. 未来应加快环保产业发展,不断优化产业结构,进一步提高火电、钢铁等国民经济基础性行业污染治理效率和资源使用效率,从产品供给角度减少大气治理活动对环境的影响.      

“十三五”医疗废物综合管理思路与对策研究

本文首先总体分析了"十二五"期间我国医疗废物环境管理和技术在完善制度建设、加快处理设施建设、打击环境违法行为和创新开展医疗废物处置示范等方面取得的进展和成效,分析了当前医疗废物管理中存在的包括缺乏针对性制度、处理设施总体技术水平不高、新增布局缺乏指导、收费水平偏低等突出问题。面向"十三五",本文提出环境管理四个方面的主要思路,从思路出发,提出"十三五"重点开展的任务,包括开展基础性调查评估、修订医疗废物管理条例、优化医疗废物处理设施布局、建立区域医疗废物协同处理模式、开展处理设施稳定排放达标整治工程、创新医疗废物环境管理和加快解决医疗废物处理收费中的突出问题等,为相关环境管理部门提供决策参考。     

杭州市“十二五”环境保护规划中期评估研究

杭州市“十二五”环保规划已实施过半,为了评估规划的实施效果,根据规划内容分析评估了规划指标、主要任务、重点工程、政策措施等四方面的完成情况,梳理了实施过程中存在的三个问题。一是污染物减排动力依然大,二是环境质量改善任重道远,三是隐性污染威胁环境安全。针对存在问题,提出了强化领导健全机制、落实问责制度、加大“三清”行动（清洁水源、清洁空气、清洁土壤）力度、加大产业转型力度、加强环境依法建设、加大环保投入力度等六项对策措施。     

内蒙古自治区环境监管能力建设“十一五”规划中期评估

本文依据《关于报送国家环境监管能力建设“十一五”规划中期评估有关情况的通知》的精神和要求,从环境监测预警体系、环境执法监督体系与环境管理基础设施与条件三个方面评估了我区环境监管能力建设在“十一五”规划实施以来的建设情况。分析得出规划实施过程中存在的4个方面的问题：①环境监管能力建设资金投入仍然不足;②环境管理基础条件远远跟不上步伐;③环境监管人员较少,人才短缺;④标准化达标建设与规划目标差距较大。针对规划实施过程中存在的问题,,本文就规划后续实施初步提出提出4点建议：①争取资金,落实职能;②全面推进,重点先行;③落实责任,加强培训;④加强环境基础能力建设,作为“十二五”规划重点。     

对构建水污染防治社会共治体系的分析与探讨——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

文章针对我国目前环境管理中存在的政府管理不到位、企业治污不履责和公众参与不够的问题,从政府、公众和企业方面梳理了国外水污染防治社会共治方面的主要经验,指出了我国水污染防治社会共治的重点,即明确政府责任、落实企业排污责任、构建全民行动格局。     

青岛市大气环境质量控制规划研究

在设计合理的规划技术路线后,应用气象条件设计的数值模拟比较法、污染源贡献分析法、修正的源强优化模型及离散优化模型,根据情景分析结果提出了青岛市大气污染总量控制方案。      

Size-related bioaccumulation and between-year variation of organochlorines in ice-associated amphipods from the Arctic Ocean

Organochlorines are found even in organisms living in remote areas such as the Arctic marginal ice zone. Organochlorine concentrations in ice-associated (sympagic) amphipods are related to their diet. Therefore, the size-dependent diet shift of Gammarus wilkitzkii may influence its organochlorine content. In this preliminary study, the organochlorine concentrations in two size classes (small 29 mm and large >29 mm) of G. wilkitzkii were analysed. The concentrations of more lipophilic compounds [e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were lower in the small than the large size class, whereas concentrations of less lipophilic compounds [e.g. hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)] did not differ by size class.

Since contamination transport by the atmosphere, ocean currents and sea ice may vary, the organochlorine burden in sympagic organisms may also vary. There are no data available on temporal variation of organochlorine burden in Arctic sympagic fauna. Therefore, we compared organochlorine concentrations in sympagic amphipods (G. wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis and Onisimus spp.) between 1998 and 1999. Organochlorine concentrations in all amphipods were low in both years, with sum organochlorines from 50.7 to 621.9 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight. The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes, DDTs and PCBs were higher in 1999 than 1998, whereas the HCH concentrations were lower in 1999 than 1998. The organochlorine concentrations differed between the taxa in both years in a similar increasing manner from A. glacialis to both G. wilkitzkii and Onisimus spp.

In studies of bioaccumulation relative to body size and temporal variation, a thorough interpretation requires samples from several size classes and years. Nevertheless, the present data provide new knowledge on contaminants in Arctic invertebrates where data are scarce.     

An inquiry into the concept of SEA effectiveness: Towards criteria for Chinese practice

The importance of improving the effectiveness of Plan EIA and SEA-type evaluations in China cannot be overstated: at a time when the country's economy is being boosted by a stimulus package worth over RMB 400 trillion – largely for infrastructure – the pressure on China's already strained environment and resource base is bound to increase. The aim is to propose the criteria for plan EIA's effectiveness to raise the awareness of the need to strengthen the performance of the assessment and maximize its potential benefits. The authors first review critically the discourse on the effectiveness of the impact assessment, identifying three dimensions: substantive, procedural and incremental. The resulting conceptual framework allows them to interpret the weaknesses of the Chinese discourse on the effectiveness and of the practice of the Plan EIA to date. The result is the identification of a clear gap, both in terms of the breadth of the concept, and in terms of the quality of the existing criteria, which tend to be very generic to the point of inapplicability. The analysis also reveals a need for transitioning from formal models of the Plan EIA to more strategic approaches, in a gradual manner that is consistent with context-specificities. The proposal of a set of preliminary criteria for effectiveness is therefore structured on three levels. This framework is meant to input into the ongoing debate on how to improve the practice of PEIA and the SEA-type evaluations in China, and provide ideas for a government strategy aimed at maximizing the positive impact of PEIAs on planning, as well as on the context of application.     

日本阪神大震灾在应急救灾上的几点教训

本文从防灾体制、心理准备和防灾规划等方面分析日本阪神大震灾在应急救灾行动中的教训，并结合我国的情况作了简单的讨论。