突发水环境污染事件防范与应急处置体系建设——以南京化学工业园区为例

简述了南京化学工业园区水环境现状,以及水污染应急设施建设情况。指出了目前存在园区企业生产废水预处理设施运行不稳定、化工园污水处理厂废水处理工艺亟待优化提高、园区储罐众多污染隐患巨大、化工园区内河流水质受到污染等问题,提出了水污染应急体制、环境安全风险防范机制、企业水污染防范设施、环境应急演练制度、环境应急事件处置工作信息交流平台、化工园区环境预警监控、监测网络等水环境污染防范与应急处置体系建设构想。     

江苏沿江化工园区环境风险防范与应急策略

简述了江苏沿江化工园区存在的环境风险,分析了园区区位特征和产业结构矛盾、监控预警体系及应急保障体系等方面存在的问题。提出应加强环境应急队伍建设,完善监控预警体系,强化应急预案管理,提升应急处置能力,以降低环境风险,维护区域环境安全。     

化工园区环境应急预案管理机制研究

介绍了我国化工园区环境应急管理现状,简述了国内外突发事件应急预案体系特点。分析了我国化工园区环境应急预案存在的管理机制不健全、内容不完善等问题,提出了应急预案编制的核心内容。     

辐射事故应急预案的模糊综合评价

为增强辐射事故应急预案编制及修订的科学性、针对性和实用性,依据辐射事故应急预案的特点和法律法规要求,基于层次分析法构建目标层、准则层和方案层三级层次结构,提出9项准则和39项评价指标并计算权重,建立辐射事故应急预案综合评价模型及计算方法。层次分析结果表明,监测和预警、应急监测、恢复行动等3项指标在应急预案制修订过程中权重较大。应用该方法对某辐射事故应急预案实例进行评价,评价结果为一般,与实际情况相符。     

风险管理标准在环境监测站的应用

以应急监测为例,介绍了环境监测站实施风险管理的基本思路。提出通过明确环境信息、建立风险准则、开展风险评估、实施风险应对等过程,开展系统性的风险管理,实现对各种风险的有效防范和控制。建议建立相应的组织机构和兼职的风险管理队伍,及时监督和检查风险管理流程运行状况,并在管理体系中加入风险管理要素,确保风险应对计划有效执行,实现持续改进。     

水污染事故中半挥发性有机物预处理方法研究

通过配制标准水样,对比液液小体积萃取法、分散液液微萃取法和固相微萃取法结合便携式气质联用仪三种预处理方法的萃取效率。结果表明,在最佳的萃取条件下,三种预处理方法对标准水样的富集效率均较高。在5~50μg/L范围内,14种SVOC线性良好,检出限为0.1~3.5μg/L,其中固相微萃取法萃取效率最高,但对酞酸酯类化合物选择性较差。分散液液微萃取法对有机磷类物质选择性较高,而液液小体积萃取法对大部分的半挥发性有机物没有特别的选择性。在进行实际水样测定时,三种方法在灵敏度、精密性和抗干扰能力等方面均满足水环境污染事故的应急监测要求。     

大气VOCs快速测定及其在环境空气污染应急溯源中的初步应用

突发性大气环境污染事件处于高发期,针对环境应急监测时效性强的特点,用便携式GC-MS快速测定大气中23种VOCs,探讨大气中VOCs测定在环境空气污染应急溯源中的应用。该方法在20.0μg/m3~3 200μg/m3范围内线性良好,按采样1 L计算,方法检出限为2.6μg/m3~9.4μg/m3,加标回收率为91.3%~103%,测定结果的RSD≤10.5%。将该方法用于突发性环境污染应急事件大气中VOCs的快速测定,通过对照企业特征污染物名录,能快速锁定污染源头。     

城市应急避难场所层次布局研究(Ⅱ)——三级层次选址模型

分析应急避难场所层次选址的目标因素:建设成本和避难效果,提出总的移动距离最短和建设成本最小两类选址目标,立足城市发展程度差异和现状应急避难场所建设情况分析,将应急避难场所选址类型分为规划性选址、老城新选址、补充性选址三种。依据应急避难场所的三级层次划分,以及单一流、嵌套、空间非匹配的层次特点,分别建立了应急避难场所的规划性选址、老城新选址、补充性选址共8个三级层次选址模型,并通过模拟实验对模型的效果进行了检验。     

Revealing hidden debottlenecking potential in flare systems on offshore facilities using dynamic simulations – A preliminary investigation

Three flare systems are modeled and total plant depressurization is investigated using dynamic simulations in order to access the debottlenecking potential. Usually, steady-state simulation of the flare network is used for sizing and rating of the flare system. By using dynamic simulations, effects from line packing in the flare system can be studied. The results show that peak flow during a dynamic simulations is significantly lower than the peak flow used in a steady-state case. The three systems investigated span a wide range in flare system size, both in terms of number of process segments disposing into the flare network, in terms of peak design rate, the flare network pipe dimensions and total hold-up volume. Generally, it is observed that the larger the flare system, the larger debottlenecking potential.     

Optimal Assignments of Allocating and Scheduling Emergency Resources to Accidents in Chemical Industrial Parks

Accidents in chemical industrial parks can result in mass casualties and the risk usually escalates due to domino effects. However, most of the existing models of emergency logistics do not account for domino effect and may be unsuitable for emergency response to accidents in chemical industrial parks. This paper presents a mathematical model proposed for optimal assignments of allocating and scheduling emergency resources for rescuing victims and preventing accident spreading simultaneously. The detailed characteristics of accident scenarios and emergency resources are taken into account. Based on this, the efficiency of emergency response is evaluated by the total number of fatalities and the amount of losses caused by domino effects which are the optimal objectives of the model. A numerical case study was conducted by solving the model using a designed heuristic algorithm. The results showed the applicability and reliability of the proposed model for making optimal assignments for emergency response to accidents in chemical industrial parks.