Lake Elsinore disaster: The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

A case study of a flood which occurred at Lake Elsinore, California, February, 1980, focuses upon the assistance which the community received during both the flood and recovery periods. Relevant literature on disaster research is examined, including a model of disaster recovery, and the study places the events which occurred din Lake Elsinore within that recovery model. Implications for policy include the recommendation that decision-makers consider the pre-disaster growth of the community indecisions to support recovery assistance.     

危险化学品运输中的安全问题

危险化学品运输是一种动态危险源 ,发生事故涉及面广 ,危害严重 ,对人民生命财产、社会公共安全构成威胁。危险化学品安全运输越来越受到人们的关注。笔者分析了危险化学品运输中引发事故的诸因素和安全运输中应特别注意的几个问题 ,强调从业单位、从业人员的资质、法律意识和业务素质 ,并探讨了发生事故的应急处置措施 :尽快报警 ,组织抢救 ,杜绝一切火源 ,消毒 ,现场监测。     

城市公共安全系统可靠性研究

城市公共安全体系由诸多子系统组成 ,其功能的实现依赖于城市公共安全系统的整体可靠性。笔者采用组合功能分析和过程分解的方法 ,对城市公共安全系统的功能、结构和组成进行了讨论 ;应用结构化功能-事件树的混合方法对城市公共安全系统的可靠性特征进行了定性分析 ;建立了城市公共安全系统可靠性模型 ,相应的数学模型可作为城市公共安全保障工作中预防为主的科学依据。据此可以得出 :城市公共安全系统中事故和灾害预防子系统的地位应优于事故预警、应急反应和灾害控制等后处理环节的结论 ,同时可以给出了城市规划中公共安全系统设计的建议。     

建立突发公共事件应急机制的探讨

本文根据我国目前公共安全的现状、问题与经验,提出了建立健全应急机制的指导思想和工作原则,并根据突发公共事件的分类、分级,探讨了建立和完善突发公共事件的应急体制、机制和法制的途径和方法.     

Combating interference by unauthorised persons

Under the new threat situation it is necessary to impede and if necessary detect ingress by unauthorised persons into the relevant establishment. It may be necessary to take additional measures to protect installations or parts thereof that are especially hazardous or at risk from terrorist attacks from interference by unauthorised persons.

It is the duty of the state to take precautionary and preventive measures to impede or prevent external terrorist attacks or entry by force into establishments. The necessary resources for this purpose must be made available even in times of limited budgets.

Since total protection can never be guaranteed, external emergency measures have a particularly important role to play. The competent authorities in this sector must receive the necessary information from the operators and must take the measures within their sphere of responsibility without delay.

Much of the information necessary for assessment of the risk situation by the operators and the authorities is already available under the provisions on the safety report and the external alarm and emergency plans according to European Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC).

It is recommended that a restriction of disclosure of information on the grounds of public safety should only be permitted for establishments/installations which are to be regarded as security-relevant on the basis of the hazard and the risk analysis.

The outline of the systematic approach of a security analysis like it is proposed in Germany is described separately.     

The role of local communities in chemical accident prevention and preparedness

Since the adoption of community right-to-know programs in the US there has been an increase in the number of groups known as local emergency planning committees. These committees have matured in focus over the intervening years since the Bhopal incident and even more so since the events of September 11, 2001. There is a strong recognition that local communities working very closely with chemical handling facilities in their areas can directly and meaningfully reduce the threat of a chemical release incident, regardless of cause. Likewise, through similar means they can better prepare themselves to respond should an incident occur. Especially as regards modern concepts of process chemical safety and facility security, local communities can be of great assistance to smaller facilities that do not otherwise necessarily have the resources to accomplish these tasks. As the vulnerabilities of a facility to accident or intentional act, the impacts of these events and the ability of communities to react are all a function of local conditions, it is clear that these local efforts can be more meaningful than large-scale national efforts. While national legislation is certainly helpful to the process of bringing people together, it is the local relationships that produce results.     

省级生产安全应急救援体系建设方案探讨

省级生产安全应急救援体系是国家生产安全应急救援体系的重要组成部分。为了使省级生产安全应急救援体系的建设方案具有实用性、先进性、经济性和可操作性 ,笔者通过调研许多地方的经济现状、重大危险源和现有的生产安全应急救援资源 ,提出了省级应急救援体系的基本框架和体系在应急救援情况下的响应程序。要在省、市 (地区 )、县三级建立起权威的应急救援指挥机构 ,才能使应急救援体系实现高度的统一指挥 ,灵敏高效 ;充分地整合和利用现有各种救援力量和通讯系统 ,实现资源共享 ,避免重复建设 ;促进“110” ,“119” ,“12 0” ,“12 2”等通讯网络联动 ,并逐步应用GPS ,GIS等资源 ,建立先进的动态跟踪监测 ,可视的信息系统 ;应急救援队伍由3部分组成 ,即政府主办的公共应急救援队伍 (现有 )、政府资助由行业或集团公司主办的专业应急救援队伍、企业自备的应急救援队伍 ;同时对体系中各种机构的组成及其主要职责提出了设想。     

重大事故应急计划要素及其制定程序

论述了重大事故应急计划组成及其十大要素 ;介绍了制定企业事故应急计划的程序方法 ;针对我国现状 ,提出了建立我国重大事故应急救援体系的建议     

Risk management of terrorist attacks in the transport of hazardous materials using dynamic geoevents

This paper focuses attention on emergency management associated with a terrorist attack in the transport of hazardous materials in urban areas. The case study is in an urban area, a potential target for terrorist attacks due to its high vulnerability. Since it is not possible to predict where and when an attack will occur, the risk associated with terrorism is complex. It is only possible to identify the critical points for potential actions where counter measure must be applied. In the case of incidents which evolve relatively slowly, mitigation actions can be applied. The use of dynamic geoevents permits the immediate location of the event on a georeferenced map and the possibility of having a dynamic evolution of the scenario and of the number of people involved. The dynamic scenario has been created using the output of a consequence simulation code and a GIS software. Some assumptions were necessary but, since the aim of the paper is to define the procedure for the construction of the dynamic geoevent, these can be considered acceptable. The method will be further implemented in future.     

Collaborative modelling‐based shelter planning analysis: a case study of the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City,Japan

This study, based on a questionnaire survey and workshops, and with a focus on the impact of an earthquake on the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City, Japan, develops a collaborative model to assess the allocation of residents to shelters. The current official allocation plan is compared with three alternative allocations developed within the framework of this model. The collaborative model identifies accessibility, amenity, capacity, connectivity, continuity, security, and stability as the basic, necessary criteria for shelter planning. The three alternative allocations are very similar to the local residents’ own choice of shelters, but they are quite different from the current official allocation plan, which is supposed to be followed but has achieved relatively low satisfaction among households. The proposed collaborative approach provides an effective tool to assess the officially determined allocation plan by taking into account the viewpoints of local residents, and the results are useful for enhancing community evacuation planning.