绿化带对不同频率城市交通噪声的衰减作用

植物绿化对交通噪声具有一定的阻挡与衰减作用,其衰减效果取决于绿化带的构成、纵深等。研究选取杭州西湖风景区5个绿化带和1个空地区,测量1/3倍频程下交通噪声的衰减情况。结果表明：10 m左右纵深的绿化带可使交通噪声降低3-5 dB;绿化带的降噪效果在中低频要好于高频,最高在315-400 Hz之间;绿化带辅助地形的下降可有效提高降噪效果;绿化带中乔木选用阔叶类植物的降噪量高于针叶类植物3 dB左右,在低频段降噪量的提升要高于中高频段。     

A new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis

Conventional fault detection method based on fast independent component analysis (FastICA) is sensitive to outliers in the modeling data and thus may perform poorly under the adverse effects of outliers. To solve such problem, a new fault detection method for non-Gaussian process based on robust independent component analysis (RobustICA) is proposed in this paper. A RobustICA algorithm which can effectively reduce the effects of outliers is firstly developed to estimate the mixing matrix and extract non-Gaussian feature called independent components (ICs) by robust whitening and robust determination of the maximum non-Gaussian directions. Furthermore, a monitoring statistic for each extracted IC is constructed to detect process faults. Simulations on a simple example of the mixing matrix estimation and a fault detection example in the continuous stirred tank reactor system demonstrate that the RobustICA achieves much higher estimation accuracy for the mixing matrix and the ICs than the commonly used FastICA algorithm, and the RobustICA-based fault detection method outperforms the conventional FastICA-based fault detection method in terms of the fault detection time and fault detection rate.     

Simulation-based fault propagation analysis—Application on hydrogen production plant

Recently production of hydrogen from water through the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle is developed as a new technology. The main advantages of this technology over existing ones are higher efficiency, lower costs, lower environmental impact and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Considering these advantages, the usage of this technology in new industries such as nuclear and oil is increasingly developed. Due to hazards involved in hydrogen production, design and implementation of hydrogen plants require provisions for safety, reliability and risk assessment. However, very little research is done from safety point of view. This paper introduces fault semantic network (FSN) as a novel method for fault diagnosis and fault propagation analysis by using evolutionary techniques like genetic programming (GP) and neural networks (NN), to uncover process variables’ interactions. The effectiveness, feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated on simulated data obtained from the simulation of hydrogen production process in Aspen HYSYS^®. The proposed method has successfully achieved reasonable detection and prediction of non-linear interaction patterns among process variables.     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration in community post-disaster reconstruction: case study from the Longmen Shan Fault area in China

While multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective community post-disaster reconstruction (CPDR), it is often very difficult in practice. The Longmen Shan Fault active seismic zone in China has experienced several recent earthquakes with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Lushan earthquake, both of which caused extensive and widespread damage to many communities, presenting unprecedented challenges for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper develops a multi-cycle field research method that involves three interconnected cycles: internet research, field visits, and extensive surveys: to examine multi-stakeholder collaboration for the CPDR following the Wenchuan earthquake. It was found that there were 12 types of active stakeholders engaged across four main areas: infrastructure rebuilding, psychological recovery, socio-economic rehabilitation, and ecological restoration. Specifically, local community participation and effective collaboration between the community and the external stakeholders were found to be the most crucial elements for successful reconstruction. Multi-stage field research after the Lushan earthquake verified that CPDR was effective and that multi-stakeholder collaboration had improved from the lessons learnt from the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction experience. Some advantages and limitations of this research are also given.     

长江经济带工业污染排放空间分布格局及其影响因素

长江经济带发展强调"不搞大开发,共抓大保护"战略,长江生态环境修复成为该地区发展的重要内容,因此探明长江经济带工业污染排放空间分布格局及其影响因素具有重要意义.选取2013~2017年长江经济带102个城市的工业SO₂、工业废水以及工业烟粉尘排放量作为基础数据,运用空间自相关分析和冷热点分析方法（Getis-Ord Gi^*）,揭示了长江经济带工业污染排放空间分布格局;采用对数平均迪氏分解模型（logarithmic mean Divisia index,LMDI）对长江经济带工业污染排放的影响因素进行分解.结果表明,2013~2017年长江经济带的工业SO₂、工业废水以及工业烟粉尘排放量呈降低趋势,高排放城市减少,低排放城市增多;各工业污染物随时间变化,空间关联程度增强;技术改善对工业污染排放有显著抑制作用,是影响长江经济带工业污染排放的最主要因素.     

由一起厂内机动车事故引发的思考

本文对一起叉车安全事故的直接原因进行分析,并分别讨论了叉车本身缺陷导致事故发生的可能性、驾驶人员自身的不规范操作,以及使用单位在制度建设及实施方面存在的缺陷.     

热带增宽及其对中国东部亚热带森林植被的影响

全球气候变暖已是不争的事实,现今气候变暖的趋势已由每百年（1901--2000）增加0．6℃的记录升高为0．74℃（1906—2005）。其中高纬度地区增温特别显著,成为世界关注的热点。与之对比,热带地区的气候变化以及热带森林对它的反应报道甚少。事实上,自1970s中期以来,热带温度是每lO年升高0．26oC;同时气候模型预测到本世纪末热带地区温度将上升2．1-4．5℃。这些预测是有根据的,但究竟不是直接的证据。因此,本文综合了许多专家对热带地球物理学和大气层特性的多年观测、分析和研究的成果,其结论认为：至少自1979年以来许多热带大气层固有的特征发生变化并向地球极地推进和位移,这些根据是：（1）热带高空的哈德利环流增强并向极地扩展;（21位于热带边缘的亚热带射流向极地移动;（3）热带亚热带对流层顶高度和位置的变化;（4）热带高空平流层臭氧柱总量浓度的变化。据上述特征的变化证明数十年来热带向极地增宽纬度2°～5°（～8°）,一般确认为2．5°。由于热带增宽的驱动,广东50年的气温记录表明气候持续变暖,按增暖趋势推算,预估到2020年,现在的雷州半岛南部可能变成中热带;广东东南沿海将由目前的南亚热带变为北热带（占全省面积约1／3）;其余大部分地区为南亚热带;中亚热带基本上将退出广东（仅剩下东北角一偶）。此预测意味着南岭地区将成为南亚热带的边缘地。     

An optimal level of dust explosion risk management: Framework and application

The current research provides guidance on the prevention and mitigation of dust explosion using a Quantitative Risk Management Framework (QRMF). Using concepts drawn from previous studies, the framework consists of three main steps: (i) a new combined safety management protocol, (ii) the use of DESC (Dust Explosion Simulation Code) and FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) to assess explosion consequences and likelihood, respectively, and (iii) application of the hierarchy of controls (inherent, engineered and procedural safety). QRMF assessment of an industrial case study showed that the original process was at high risk. DESC simulations and Probit equations determined the destructive percentages. FTAs revealed high probabilities of explosion occurrence; in addition, detailed individual and societal risks calculations were made, before and after the framework was applied. Based on the hierarchy of controls technique, the framework showed significant risk reduction to the point where the residual risk was acceptable for the process.     

基于点—轴系统理论的北黄海经济带空间结构研究

选取北黄海经济带作为研究对象,从区域空间角度,基于点—轴理论,重点分析了北黄海经济带的空间结构。结果表明,北黄海经济带的空间发展模式为点—轴渐进逐级开发模式,并具有规模经济效应、集聚与扩散效应、交通协同效应;北黄海经济带依托大连经济发展一级枢纽轴心,沿庄河、东港二级枢纽轴心的两条产业轴延伸,形成一条点—轴式空间发展枢纽轴带,即北黄海经济带。     

皖江经济带土壤Cd空间分布特征与生态风险评价

选取2.5 km×2.5 km网格布点法,在皖江经济带A、B、C三地分别采集土壤样品35个、34个、106个,利用ICP-AES分析测定Cd含量特征,运用单项污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三地土壤Cd污染状况进行生态风险评价。结果表明：（1）A、B、C三地土壤的Cd含量的算术平均值分别为0.40 mg?kg ^-1、0.66 mg?kg ^-1、0.84 mg?kg ^-1,均高于江淮流域Cd含量土壤背景值;（2）三地土壤pH在5.06~7.58之间,整体上处于酸性和弱碱性之间,pH小于7.0的样品167个,占比95.43%;（3）研究区三个地块土壤Cd污染特征存在明显的空间分异,低污染区在空间上呈带状分布,高污染区在空间上呈岛状分布,污染区分布面积C地>B地>A地。（4）三地土壤环境均受重金属Cd污染的影响,存在生态安全风险,风险大小为C地>B地>A地,风险程度均为潜在生态风险高于地累积生态风险高于单项污染生态风险。本区域土壤农业安全利用需要加以重视并进行分类管控。