钢筋混凝土结构抗火性能试验研究现状及存在的问题

在大量调研的基础上,从材料、结构和构件三个层次分析了目前混凝土结构抗火性能试验现状、存在的问题及解决方法。这些问题有的是关于试验标准和方法认识上存在一定争议的,有些是实验室和真实情况的不一致造成的,有些是目前技术水平限制所产生的,有些是目前试验领域缺乏研究或还没有认识到需要研究的问题,讨论了一些有价值的建议和研究方向,对今后混凝土结构抗火性能试验有借鉴意义。     

城市综合交通枢纽内消防“准安全区”设置原则和评估流程研究

由于使用功能的需要,综合交通枢纽中的交通换乘大厅常设计为高大空间结构。在实际工程中,该类高大空间建筑部位超出了现行防火规范关于防火分区面积和安全疏散距离的要求,通常采用性能化方法进行评估,在性能化评估中一般采用"准安全区"的理念。目前,"准安全区"的火灾安全仅依靠性能参数的比较论证,没有较为统一的设计准则。从不同的净空高度出发,综合考虑自然排烟口面积占地板面积的比例、相邻自然排烟口的间距和单个自然排烟口的面积等多种因素影响下的综合交通枢纽换乘大厅作为"准安全区"的设计要求,提出了"准安全区"设计原则和评估流程,研究成果可直接用于综合交通枢纽换乘大厅的设计与评估中,并对类似建筑具有指导意义。     

细水雾雾强分布及灭火有效性实验研究

研究了系统压力变化对细水雾雾场分布的影响,定量表征了细水雾雾场分布特性。实验发现系统压力增大,细水雾总流量增大,细水雾分布向中心集中。通过改变燃料种类、系统压力、火源位置等条件,研究不同雾场强度下细水雾对不同燃烧模型的灭火有效性,实验发现在雾场强度较高的情况下,灭火效率很高,而在雾场强度较低的情况下,难以熄灭火焰。雾场强度较低时,细水雾对不同燃料的灭火效果不同,闪点较低的燃料容易强化燃烧,闪点较高的燃料燃烧会受到抑制。     

中国的森林防火工作

本文系统介绍了中国不断探索森林火灾的特点,有针对性的加强管理和技术防范措施,以提高对森林火灾的控制能力。着重说明了中国森林火灾带来的危害和损失,受自然条件的制约和社会环境影响所产生的特点。阐述了实行森林防火行政领导负责制,依法治火,大力开展宣传教育,强化野外火源管理,加强消防队伍建设、动员全社会力量防火以及多方集资和加强对外合作的效果。最后,具体介绍了森林火灾的预报、探测和林火阻隔预防技术,以及采用的直接扑打,用水、风力和飞机灭火,人工降雨,以火攻火等多种扑救森林火灾方法,还介绍了中国森林防火科技的系统研究情况。     

Beyond buffer zone protection: a comparative study of park and buffer zone products' importance to villagers living inside Royal Chitwan National Park and to villagers living in its buffer zone

Even after 30 years of strict de jure protection, today's de facto extraction of products from Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) and their great economic importance to local households suggests that this reality should be explicitly internalised in managing this world heritage park. Several studies have quantified local people's use of protected areas and estimated the value of such areas to them. However, few studies incorporate economic analyses to investigate the effect of management interventions on local communities' resource use and collection behaviour. In Nepal, buffer zones and especially buffer zone community forestry are seen as means to define and demarcate places, where local people may legally extract goods that are either identical to or relevant substitutes for products that are collected in protected areas. The intention is to resolve park-people conflicts over resource use. This article presents the findings of an in-depth study of the importance of natural resources to the livelihoods of 18 households. One village was located inside RCNP with no realistic alternatives to Park resources, while the other is located in the buffer zone with equal distance to the Park, a national forest and their community forest. For each household, the collection of products, allocation of time, and purchase and sale of goods were recorded daily through 12 consecutive months and economic values were calculated on the basis of local market prices and recorded quantities. The study shows that products from RCNP are of great importance to the livelihoods of local people. Furthermore, we find that products collected in the national forest substitute products from the Park, while the substitution effect of the community forest is small. Accordingly, the study illustrates that, irrespective of buffer zone community forestry, there is still a gap between local people's need for supplementing natural resources and their rights to satisfy them on a legal basis, which is likely to be unsustainable in the longer term. This calls for a thorough evaluation of actual park-people relations and how these may be improved through local participation that goes beyond the current form of buffer zone community forestry and the admitted 7-14 annual days of open access grass cutting within the park.     

工业典型危险作业场所火灾预防与控制技术研究展望

对国内外在工业典型危险作业场所火灾预防与控制技术的发展进行了综述,介绍了国外的发展重点和趋势以及我国的研究现状,并就我国在这一领域的未来几年的发展趋势进行了展望.     

多孔填充材料的防火防爆机理及应用

在液化气体、燃料储罐内填充多孔材料,可有效地减少或避免储罐发生爆炸事故.本文分析了这类材料的防爆机理并简要介绍了其应用情况.     

Effect of co-culturing of methanogens with sulphur-reducing bacteria on biomethanation

Biomethanation as a result of co-culturing methanogenic bacteria with sulphate-reducing bacteria was studied under anoxic conditions. Toxic sulphur compounds are known not to inhibit methanogenesis. Hence varying experimental conditions can lead to the optimum conditions for biomethanation. Under controlled experimental conditions, the interacting behaviour of both isolated methanogens and sulphate reducers show interesting features, viz. allelopathy.     

中国火灾科学的今天和明天

对我国火灾科学研究的现状和发展趋势进行了综述 ,介绍了火灾科学的兴起、我国火灾科学的发展以及火灾科学国家重点实验室的建立 ,并对我国火灾科学的未来进行了展望。     

运动受限空间内火灾研究的现状与展望

从火灾科学基础研究的角度 ,提出了运动受限空间内火灾的概念。继而阐述了三种典型运动受限空间 (即运动着的航天舱、船舶、车辆 )内火灾研究的现状 ,并对未来运动受限空间内火灾的研究作了展望。还探讨了我国当前应开展的工作。