A framework for evaluating flood risk governance

Calls to strengthen flood risk governance are echoed across Europe amidst a growing consensus that floods will increase in the future. Accompanying the pursuit of societal resilience, other normative agendas relating legitimacy (e.g. accountability and public participation), and resource efficiency, have become attached to discussions concerning flood risk governance. Whilst these represent goals against which ‘success’ is socially and politically judged, lacking from the literature is a coherent framework to operationalise these concepts and evaluate the degree to which these are achieved. Drawing from cross-disciplinary and cross-country research conducted within the EU project STAR-FLOOD, this paper presents a framework for evaluating the extent to which flood risk governance arrangements support societal resilience, and demonstrate efficiency and legitimacy. Through empirical research in England, this paper critically reflects on the value of this approach in terms of identifying entry points to strengthen governance in the pursuit of these goals.     

Improving flood risk analysis for effectively supporting the implementation of flood risk management plans: The case study of “Serio” Valley

The EU Flood Directive 2007/60 requires the assessment and delineation of flood risk maps. The latter should provide the required knowledge for the development of flood risk management plans (FRMPs), that should deal with all features of risk management: e.g. preparation, protection and prevention, comprising also the phase of the flood forecasting and warning systems, in addition to the emergency management. The risk maps, delineated through the expert-drive qualitative (EDQ) approach currently adopted in several European countries, such as Italy, fail to represent the information base that needed by stakeholders for selecting the suitable objectives and designing the appropriate mitigation actions for flood risk management. In the EDQ approach, the flood hazard and the potential damage degree maps are combined by means of a matrix to obtain a qualitative flood risk map. However, the performance of the risk matrix is not usually rigorous validated and, therefore, presents limits, such as subjective and not careful explained interpretation of rating and poor resolution, (due to range compression), that can produce errors in comparative ranking of risk areas. In this context, this paper proposes the FloodRisk approach that aims to improve the efficacy of flood risk map overcoming the limits of EDQ approach in supplying the knowledge base that allow to analyze costs and benefits of potential mitigation measures. However, the proposed approach is also able to involve the citizens in the flood management process, enhancing their awareness. An application of FloodRisk procedure is showed on a pilot case in “Serio” Valley, (North Italy), and its strengths and limits, in terms of additional efforts required in its application compared with EDQ procedure, have been discussed focusing on the efficacy of the outcomes provided for the fulfillment of FRMPs. The results have demonstrated the ability of FloodRisk, respect to EDQ approach, to distinguish successfully different levels of vulnerability of exposure elements, thanks to the use of asset value and depth-damage curves, that allows a suitably evaluation of the effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies. In this light, a successfully application of a cost-benefit analysis of FloodRisk approach on a portfolio of alternative mitigation actions, (i.e. structural and non-structural measurements), has been demonstrated on the proposed study case. However, FloodRisk requires additional information, e.g. water depths assessment and assets values, and it needs a proper analysis and communication of the uncertainty in its results. Although they still exist limitations that impede, at present, the FloodRisk application without an adequate understanding and a critical consideration of the hazard, exposure and vulnerability characteristics of the study area, considerations are supplied on how the utilization of this approach can be maximized in the light of the next flood risk maps revision due by December 2019.     

SRHSC梁主要设计参数损伤敏感度分析

以型钢高强混凝土(SRHSC)梁为研究对象,结合SRHSC梁受力机理及承载能力的试验研究成果,提出了极限状态下的承载能力是评价梁力学性能的关键指标,将损伤前后梁正截面抗弯承载力之比和斜截面抗剪承载力之比的均值作为自变量,给出了SRHSC梁损伤表征函数,并借助"预定损伤法",揭示了主要设计参数对SRHSC梁损伤演化的影响规律。研究成果将为建立地震激励下SRHSC框架结构楼层损伤模型提供理论和数据支持。     

芹菜素对丙烯腈引起大鼠精子脂质过氧化和DNA损伤的影响

分析芹菜素(apigenin,AP)对丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)引起的大鼠精子脂质过氧化和DNA损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。将50只SPF级SD成年雄性大鼠随机分为阴性对照组(玉米油)、ACN组(50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN)、低AP组(50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN+234 mg·kg~(-1)AP)、高AP组(50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN+468 mg·kg~(-1)AP)、N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)组(50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN+300mg·kg~(-1)NAC),以5 m L·(kg bw)~(-1)灌胃染毒,1次·d~(-1),6 d·周~(-1),连续13周。检测大鼠精子活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及精子DNA损伤情况。结果发现,ACN组、低AP组、高AP组、NAC组精子ROS、MDA含量显著升高,SOD活力显著降低,精子尾部DNA含量百分比、尾长、尾距、Olive尾距均显著增高于对照组(均P0.05);而低AP组、高AP组、NAC组精子ROS、MDA含量、SOD活性和精子DNA损伤情况与ACN组相比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。提示ACN可引起大鼠精子脂质过氧化和DNA损伤,而AP、NAC对其无干预作用。     

围生期毒死蜱暴露致子代8周雄鼠睾丸组织的氧化损伤

毒死蜱是目前全世界使用和销售量最大的有机磷杀虫剂之一。为探讨围生期毒死蜱暴露致8周雄性子鼠睾丸组织的氧化损伤,选择健康Wistar妊娠母鼠于妊娠期(gestation days,GD)第6天至子鼠出生后(postnatal days,PND)21天通过灌胃染毒0、0.75、1.35和2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量的毒死蜱,待雄性子鼠8周龄取左侧睾丸实施组织病理学检查,右侧睾丸用以检测丙二醛(maleic dialdehyde,MDA)的含量和谷胱甘肽S转移酶(glutathione S transferases,GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)的活力。结果表明,与对照组比较,随着染毒剂量的增加子鼠体重和睾丸、附睾脏器系数有下降的趋势(P0.05);而MDA呈升高趋势(P0.05)。各组T-SOD和1.35、2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GSH-Px活力的下降及2.70 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组GST活力的升高均有统计学意义(P0.05)。睾丸组织病理学检查结果可见2.70mg·kg~(-1)剂量组睾丸组织有明显的损伤,管腔中精液量减少,生精细胞脱落增多。上述研究结果提示母鼠于围生期暴露于毒死蜱,可通过氧化损伤诱导子代雄性大鼠睾丸的毒性作用。     

检测细胞DNA断裂损伤效应的彗星实验法的改良

为了解决彗星实验过程中常出现的脱胶、细胞核分离操作繁琐、重复性低等问题,对彗星实验方法进行了改良,初步建立了彗星实验的快速操作流程。结果显示,通过对载玻片进行预处理,可确保凝胶悬挂均匀;采用改良机械法分离的细胞核浓度适中;以0.5%(w/v)涂层琼脂糖作为基层、以1.5%(w/v)低熔点包埋琼脂糖作为叠加层的"双层凝胶法",辅以"推片法"铺胶,操作便捷且不发生脱胶现象;细胞核膜经裂解处理后再进行电泳和荧光观察,彗星图像清晰,杂质少。应用改良后的彗星实验方法,操作简便,耗时更短,实验效果良好,可快速检测出细胞DNA损伤效应。     

植物活性物质对PM_(2.5)致细胞损伤的抗性作用

为研究植物活性物质对PM2.5致细胞损伤的抗性作用,研究了北京城区PM2.5对CHO(Chinese hamster ovary,中国仓鼠卵巢)细胞的损伤作用,并选择植物活性物质绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素探讨其对CHO细胞的保护作用.以CCK-8法确定PM2.5的试验剂量和3种活性物质的最佳保护剂量,然后通过彗星试验、微核试验、流式细胞术及Western Blotting分别检测PM2.5的损伤作用及植物活性物质的保护作用.结果表明:1由CHO细胞存活率可知,PM2.5的有效试验剂量为15μg/m L,绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素的最佳保护剂量分别为50、20、10μmol/L.2PM2.5可引起CHO细胞明显的DNA损伤、微核形成增加、细胞周期阻滞所致的细胞增殖指数降低,而经阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素预处理后,均可减轻PM2.5对细胞的损伤作用,起到了一定的保护作用.3PM2.5能引起CHO细胞中p53和caspase-3蛋白的表达增加,而阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素均可使其表达量有所降低.由PM2.5引起的细胞损伤经绿原酸、阿魏酸、荭草素作用后表达量降低.在3种植物活性物质中,以阿魏酸拮抗PM2.5损伤的效果最佳,绿原酸次之,荭草素相对较差.     

中国环境损害评估方法研究综述

进行环境损害评估方法的研究,对于完善损害量化的技术标准体系,推进中国环境损害评估具有十分重要而迫切的意义.本研究对直接市场法、揭示偏好法、陈述偏好法、效益转移法、等值分析法等进行了分析,讨论了上述方法在应用中的各种案例,阐述了各种方法的优缺点,并对适用条件进行总结.在此基础上,提出完善环境损害评估范围,加强效益转移法、等值分析法等研究与实践,建立基于多种损害类型的评估技术体系等建议.     

Cytogenotoxicity and histopathological assessment of Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)

The cytogenotoxicity and histopathological alterations induced by xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River on Synodontis clarias were investigated. Fish from these water bodies and a fish farm (control) were examined for micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood. Also gill, liver, kidney, and ovary were processed for histopathology using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in the water were determined. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood of S. clarias from the lagoon and river compared to the reference site. Loss and disorganization of the primary and secondary lamellae, multifocal degeneration, hemorrhages, cellular infiltration, congestions, vacuolations, atresia, and necrosis were common lesions in the examined tissues of fish from the lagoon and river. Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in water samples from the lagoon and river were higher than the reference site. Xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River, mostly metals, induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathological damage in S. clarias.     

3-甲基-4-硝基酚对公鸡睾丸早期发育的影响

研究环境内分泌干扰物3-甲基-4-硝基酚(3-methyl-4-nitrophenol,PNMC)对公鸡睾丸早期发育的影响。48只1 d龄白羽公鸡随机分成3个组,分别为对照组、10和100 mg·L-1PNMC处理组,连续饮水42 d。检测公鸡的生长性能、睾丸重量和指数、睾丸的结构变化、血清激素水平和睾丸中CYP17A1及其相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:与对照组相比,10 mg·L-1PNMC处理组显著降低公鸡的生长性能;睾丸重量和睾丸指数均无显著性变化;睾丸细精管生精细胞均有不同程度的空泡兼或脱落;血清孕酮和雌二醇水平均无显著性差异,睾酮水平随饮水中PNMC浓度的升高呈递减的趋势;公鸡睾丸中CYP17A1、HSD3B2和CYP19A1有升高的趋势,HSD17B4在10 mg·L-1PNMC组呈降低的趋势,在100 mg·L-1PNMC组呈升高的趋势。结果表明:饮水中添加10 mg·L-1PNMC显著影响了公鸡的生长性能;饮水中添加100 mg·L-1PNMC引起公鸡睾丸细精管生精细胞变性、坏死,造成结构病理损伤,从而对生殖系统造成损伤。