“时—空—人”交互视角下的国土空间公共安全规划体系构建

公共安全事件是特定情境下“时—空—人”多要素交互作用时空过程的结果,国土空间公共安全规划和相应的能力建设是应对公共安全事件长期而重要的抓手。在构建公共安全规划中“时—空—人”互动的研究框架基础上,分别对“预防、预警、应急、灾后”四个阶段的相关研究和工作重点进行审视,并在此基础上构建国土空间公共安全规划的内容、技术方法和保障支撑体系。首先,在内容体系方面,与国土空间规划的全国—省—市—县—镇等多层级规划编制体系和全国一盘棋的应急响应机制相适应,开展综合规划与专项规划编制,重点解决面向应对自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等方面的空间、设施、应急等方面的规划和管理问题;在技术方法体系方面,构建和完善公共安全事件的时空要素识别与分析、时空过程模拟与预警分析等方法和技术支撑体系;在保障支撑体系方面,基于时空大数据的新基建建设,构建和完善时空可达的公共安全设施体系和公共安全导向下的社会治理体系。     

The Spanish toxic oil syndrome: Some explanations for the pathology and an appraisal of the similarities with other episodes of food adulteration

In 1981 in Madrid, a new disease was identified, and attributed to the fraudulent sale of adulterated, industrial-quality oil as olive oil. The competing hypotheses for the clinical symptoms and tissue changes are reviewed but it is also important to note the general similarities between this epidemic and those other incidents where food adulteration has presented an acute hazard.     

The environmental dimension of national security: A test of systems analysis methods

The systems approach permits us to analyze national security as a cluster of interconnected elements, in which the environmental dimension appears to be the most important one. The environmental problem is divided into two main aspects: environmental security per se and the impact of environment on the overall status of a nation's security. It is argued here that the quality of life and health serve as both the main objective and the principal criterion of environmental security in a social system. Indices of these two factors are used in this article as indicators of the state of this type of security. They confirm that vast areas of Russia, the Ukraine, and Central Asia (especially the Aral Sea region) should be considered as presenting a substantial risk to local people and even producing global impacts on both natural and man-made systems. Environmental factors that destabilize national security are also divided into two groups: those that impact social systems directly and negatively (mainly natural disasters) and technological and sociopolitical agents that cause indirect impacts, in both war and peace time, as well as in the civil and military sectors of the economy. Developments in the former Soviet Union (the Commonwealth of Independent States) are used as an illustration of the consequences that such impacts may have on the status of national security.     

Diversity of hydric soils in North Carolina,USA

Hydric soils are used as supportive evidence for wetland delineations by federal and state agencies and by the private sector in North Carolina, USA. An analysis of hydric soil distribution and hydric soil characteristics was conducted with county soil surveys and soil taxonomy of the USA. Approximately 100 hydric soils have been used for soil mapping in North Carolina, and they represent seven of the ten soil orders in soil taxonomy. An estimated 23% (2.9 million ha) of the land surface area in North Carolina supports hydric soils. Approximately 96% of the known hydric soil acreage was found in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Over one-third of the soils were hydric Ultisols, which represented close to 10% of the land surface area. The other soil orders with extensive hydric soil acreage included Histosols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. The soil orders were separated into great groups of soil taxonomy to discuss soil profile characteristics. Landscape positions and associated wetland communities were also presented. In North Carolina, a statewide inventory of wetlands does not exist and soil surveys offer a resource for a first approximation of wetland boundaries.     

城市水环境安全性与城市可持续发展

城市水环境安全性对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。目前由于我国城市水环境持续恶化，城市居民的健康受到严重损害，生命和财产安全受到威胁，限制了城市经济和社会发展。本文分析了我国城市水环境现状以及面临的三个主要问题，即水污染严重、地下水超采引发地面塌陷和沉降等环境地质问题、城市防洪安全性差等，提出了相应对策，如加强水污染控制。促进城市污水收集和处理系统建设，采用3S技术(GIS、GPS、RS)进行水质监测，重点做好水源地的水质保护和解决富营养化问题；对地下水实行限量开采和人工回灌；采取节水措施，进行雨水和中水利用；加强城市防洪；开展水环境承载力研究；改革水环境管理体制等。     

资源安全及其基本属性与研究框架

国内外对资源安全问题的关注由来已久,但系统研究此问题还是近年的事情。在此,对资源安全问题的由来、基本属性、研究框架等进行系统论述。认为资源安全是一个国家或地区可以持续、稳定、及时、足量和经济地获取所需自然资源的状态或能力;资源安全具有数量、质量、结构、均衡和价格等方面的含义;并对资源安全按过程、主体和类别等进行了分类;提出应树立开放、动态、持续和系统的资源安全观;资源安全研究应主要包括资源安全概念与属性、资源安全测度指标体系与预警系统、国家资源安全态势、国家资源安全战略等内容。     

菜市场噪声对周围环境的影响

南方的菜场都有从凌晨开始即进行贸易的特点，以盐城市众多菜场中最具代表性的老虎桥露天菜场为例，对菜场噪声及其对环境的影响进行了监测与评价，并提出控制措施。     

建设先进的环境监测预警体系是国家环境安全的需要

建设先进的环境监测预警体系是中国环境保护发展进程中首次提出的新观点,是做好新形势下的环保工作,加快实现三个转变的需要;是全面反映环境质量状况和趋势,准确预警应急突发环境事件的需要;是现代化环境管理工作的需要;是树立负责任大国国际形象的需要;是国家环境安全的需要.     

典型高原湖泊流域生态安全格局构建——以杞麓湖流域为例

以“源”和生态环境保护为目标，引用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）对杞麓湖流域生态安全格局进行定量研究.结果表明：杞麓湖流域平均生态安全指数为2.59，生态安全以较低安全为主，占流域总面积的36.33%，中度安全和不安全次之，分别占流域总面积的23.36%和22.53%，高度安全面积最少，仅占17.77%.较低安全区主要分布在西北部、东南部和西南部，应加强对这些地区的生态环境保护建设.此外，以天然林地、重要水库和湖泊缓冲区100m以内区域作为生态源，选取坡度、海拔、植被覆盖度、土地覆盖类型、距水体距离、距建设用地距离、距居民点距离、距道路距离等8个阻力因子，结合MCR模型与GIS的cost-distance分析模块，生成最小累积耗费距离表面，划分5个阻力等级；依据累积阻力值频率变化特点及生态服务功能，确定了生态缓冲区、生态过渡区、生态边缘区、农业耕作区和人类活动区共5个生态功能区.杞麓湖流域生态源总面积为126.87km²，占流域总面积的35.74%，生态源在面积、数量和空间分布上都存在较大的差异，呈四周连片集中，中部分散破碎的分布格局，生态廊道呈四周连续紧凑，中部分散破碎的空间格局.生态节点的空间阻力值存在较大差异，部分生态节点累积阻力比较大，位于流域景观累计阻力值最大区，对生态流的流通安全性具有较大影响.基于最小累积阻力面，结合GIS的Hydrology模块，构建了由生态源与19个生态节点、23条生态廊道共同组成的具有结构性的流域景观生态安全格局，并提出了相应的建议，对高原湖泊流域研究及生态环境保护具有一定的参考价值.     

种植转基因大豆对地产大豆的环境安全分析与对策研究

转基因生物技术在给人类带来巨大经济利益的同时，也带来了不容忽视的生物安全问题，特别是由于转基因作物所产生的基因污染，严重威胁着非转基因作物的野生种质资源，如何保护作物的野生植物种质资源免受基因污染，已成为人类的必然选择。本文阐述了转基因作物在我省种埴将会对地产大豆的环境安全造成严重影响及其对策研究。