水安全保障问题浅议

自然界的水与其它矿产资源的不同,是具有利和有害的二重性。水既有可资利用以为人类社会服务的一面,又有因水带来的危害,如洪涝、干旱现象以及水致疾病的传播的一面。因此,为加强水的安全保障作用,需采取一系列的工程和非工程措施所建立的系统,并在实施该系统时注意以下方面,包括:在确保水源不受损害的条件下为各类用水要求提供适当保证程度的供水,在适应国家经济发展水平和综合国力的前提下,采用适当标准进行江河治理,以努力减轻各类因水引起的灾害损失;千方百计增加可利用水量,开辟新水源;大力推行合理用水和节约用水技术;非常重视保护环境,特别是保护生态系统,以维护人类自下而上环境的持续发展。     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的机场安检危险品数量预测

机场安检的危险品数量具有动态、随机、非线性等特点,传统的GM(1,1)模型无法对其作出准确的预测。利用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2014年1—5月所查获的危险品数量进行计算、检验,并对6—8月的危险品数量进行预测。首先建立危险品数量的GM(1,1)模型,然后再对其预测值进行修正,结果表明,灰色马尔科夫模型的平均相对误差比灰色预测模型的平均相对误差减小了25.18%,表明灰色马尔科夫模型比单一的灰色预测模型的精度高,该模型是有效可行的,可为航空公司6—8月将要查获的危险品数量预测提供理论基础,以便引起相关部门的高度重视,并采取相应措施以保障旅客安全。     

Property rights integrity,tenure security and forestland rental market participation: Evidence from Jiangxi Province,China

The decentralization of property rights is the focus of the forest tenure reforms in several developing countries. In China, it was achieved by the launch of a new round of collective forest tenure reform beginning in 2003, which provided farmers with more integrated and secure forestland rights. Drawing on household data collected in Jiangxi province in 2011 and 2013, this paper examines the impacts of households’ recognition of property rights and improved tenure security on forestland rental activities. Our empirical results show that households with higher perceptions of more complete use rights and mortgage rights have a lower probability and intensity of renting‐in land, while households with lower expectations of future forestland redistribution or expropriation are more likely to rent in forestland and more of it. These results imply that the development of a forestland rental market leading to better forest management requires an integrated forestland management approach consisting of decentralization of property rights and village governance. In particular, the central government may further clarify the rights and obligations affiliated to forestland ownership, contractual rights, and management rights; while the village collective may shift from direct intervention in the integrity and security of forestland rights to the supervision and protection of decentralized forestland rights to increase efficiency from the decentralization of property rights.     

Energy policies and environmental security: A multi-criteria analysis of energy policies of Pakistan

Access to affordable and efficient energy is a basic human right and an imperative for human development. The energy policies usually ponder technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects for successful procurement of energy and endowment of energy resources. The objectives of this paper are to analyze energy policies in Pakistan and assess their relationship with environmental security and development. An empirical and multi-criteria decision analysis was used to unfold the strong interactions of energy security with development and environment. The energy policies in Pakistan are more equipped with economic and technical aspects, fairly framed with social aspects and poorly pampered with environmental facets. The dearth of environmental aspects will not only results in environmental degradation but also lag the development and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.     

The African food crisis of 1982-1986*

The crisis cannot be attributed to any one cause, but rather it was the product of a number of interacting factors whose precise combination varied between countries. Drought, internal political and economic factors and an unfavourable external economic environment were significant contributory factors. Civil war and externally financed insurgency were primarily responsible for propelling a food crisis into a famine in four out of the six worst affected countries. Within the literature, there is a tendency for writers to emphasize the relative contribution of factors within their own disciplines. So far the literature on the responses, both within country and internationally, is comprised of eye witness accounts by journalists and evaluations by aid agencies of their performance. The international response by governments and the public was massive and unprecedented, but the response by governments, indigenous NGO's and the public within affected countries is often overlooked by the journalistic literature. Generalizations about "the African food crisis" have obscured the considerable diversity amongst countries. This is well illustrated by the experiences of Ethiopia, Kenya and Botswana. This diversity indicates the biased perspectives that arise from focussing on the extreme famines, as in Ethiopia. Research priorities should include studies of systems that coped during the crisis, historical analysis of the crisis, the way early warning information is processed within bureaucratic institutions, environmental degradation and fully integrated analysis of food production and consumption systems.     

Food aid and relief-development strategies*

This paper begins by setting out the main arguments on which a proposal for "relief-development strategies" rest. The second part of the paper is concerned with a discussion of the way the objectives of a "relief-development strategy" might be achieved and the roles emergency food aid might have. In the third part of the paper, a number of strategic issues are discussed. A stylized account is presented of how a broad "relief development strategy" might be mounted. The last part of the paper draws together the discussion by considering how emergency projects should be assessed. If the principles on which this paper are based are accepted, then the evaluation of emergency projects should extend well beyond convention.     

粮食损失研究进展和展望

我国人多地少,粮食安全事关国家安全。因此,在重视增产的同时,需要不断关注粮食损失问题。通过回顾现有粮食损失的研究,总结文献中提出的重要问题,展望未来可能的研究方向。分析表明,现有研究主要集中在：（1）减少粮食损失的目的和效果的研究。包括增加粮食供给、保障国家安全,减少不必要的资源浪费、减轻环境压力,保障粮食质量、保证食品安全,以及增加粮食价值链参与者的利润等。（2）粮食产后各环节损失水平估计及其影响因素研究。 （3）减少粮食损失的方法研究,包括品种改良、教育培训、改进储存设施等。在对现有研究综述的基础上,提出了几点展望：未来的研究应向粮食价值链下游环节拓展,对粮食质量损失程度进行定量分析,并关注粮食的最优损失水平。     

基于复杂网络的全球稻米贸易格局演化及其启示

运用复杂网络分析方法,采用2000—2016年国际贸易关系数据构建了全球稻米贸易网络,分析了全球稻米网络格局演化特征及中国在全球稻米贸易格局中的角色变化。研究发现：（1）2000—2016年全球稻米贸易网络规模不断扩大、相互依赖性加深,网络结构的异质性特征明显,核心节点对网络稳定性有控制作用;（2）印度、泰国、中国、越南、巴基斯坦、美国是网络核心节点,东南亚、南亚、东亚地区保持着全球稻米贸易核心区地位;（3）全球稻米贸易网络划分为六个主要组团,地理临近是组团格局形成的重要因素,组团内部呈现出口国主导、进口国跟随的特征;（4）中国作为全球最大的稻米进口国家,进口来源相对稳定。建议今后我国继续挖掘全球稻米贸易潜力,充分发挥贸易网络的优势,在风险可控前提下,增加进口、优化出口,提高贸易网络的复杂性,从而提升安全保障能力。     

水源地型水库水生态安全评价方法探索

基于2018年8月开展的夏季江苏省17座水源地型水库水质调查数据,结合水源地型水库面临的主要水生态安全问题,综合运用层次分析法和专家意见法建立了水源地型水库水生态安全评价体系和方法,并首次提出将异味物质2-甲基异莰醇纳入评价体系.结果表明：江苏省水源地型水库水生态安全等级为优秀和良好的水库分别占29.4%和52.9%,处于一般等级的水库占17.7%;水库水生态安全的主要影响因素有透明度、异味物质2-甲基异莰醇（MIB）、蓝藻水华及富营养化.本研究通过抓住水源地型水库水生态安全的主要水生态指标进行简便易行的评估,可为类似水源地型水库因地制宜地制定个性化生态监测方案和评价方法提供科学依据.     

美国校园安全管理探析与启示

美国是世界上最早探索如何有效保障校园安全的国家之一。本文以美国校园安全为研究对象,分别从校园安全治理组织框架、法律法规体系、安全管理模式、巩固提升与持续改进4个方面进行分析,较为系统、深入地对美国校园安全管理现状进行了剖析。依据美国校园安全管理经验,结合我国校园安全管理实际情况,提出对我国校园安全管理的一些启示。