Soil Fertility in Relation to Slope Position and Agricultural Land Use: A Case Study of Umbulo Catchment in Southern Ethiopia

A study was conducted in southern Ethiopia to evaluate the nutrient status on smallholder farms with respect to land use class (garden, grassland, and outfield) and slope position (upper, middle, and lower). Soil physical and chemical properties were quantified using soil samples collected at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm). Available phosphorous was significantly different among the three land use classes. However, organic carbon and total nitrogen were lower in the outfield compared to the garden and grass land but not significantly different. The lower than expected nutrient status of the garden and grassland, which receive almost all available organic supplements, was attributed to the overall low availability of these inputs. Similarly, pH and cation exchange capacity were not significantly different among the different land use classes. However, the sum of the exchangeable cations was significantly higher in the garden compared to the outfields. Comparison at landscape level revealed that the sand fraction was significantly greater, whereas the silt fractions were significantly smaller, on the lower slopes relative to the middle slopes. Moreover, the organic carbon, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, Ca, and Mg values were significantly less on lower slopes than upper and middle slopes. Perhaps this is because of leaching and the effect of deposition of coarser sediments from the prevailing gully system. Overall, the fertility of the soil was adequate for supporting smallholder farming, but consideration must be given to reducing pressure on the land resources, addressing erosion problems, and providing a line of credit for purchasing inputs.     

淮南市城市综合防灾规划简介

随着我国城市化进程的加快,自然灾害和事故灾害的发生给人民生命财产和城市经济带来的损失日益增大。以淮南市为例,探索了编制城市综合防灾规划的技术方法。规划在现状调研、灾害风险评估和用地安全评价的基础上,对应急指挥系统、应急通道、避难场所、应急物资保障等城市应急设施进行了规划布局;对防洪、抗震、消防、人防、地质灾害、突发水环境事故等防灾专项规划提出了指引;另外,规划也提出了防灾基本对策和实施措施。     

电力供应系统地震安全性优化控制研究

在深入研究电力供应系统潮流分布特性、发电机出力和成本曲线特性、电力系统地震安全性分析与控制的基础上,将安全约束最优化控制算法运用于电力供应系统地震安全性控制中。通过对算法的网络线性分析模型、发电机出力约束条件、线路潮流约束条件和目标函数的深入研究,得出该算法的实施过程;而后,结合供电系统潮流分析的快速解耦法、安全性分析的灵敏度安全性分析法和本文的安全约束最优化控制算法,编写了相应的Fortran和Matlab计算程序,该程序能在较短的时间内计算出调度控制措施和调度费用;最后,通过一个实际算例的分析与计算,验证了该算法的实用性和优越性。本文工作可为震后供电系统功能快速恢复,减少供电系统经济损失,使系统功能得到最大发挥提供理论分析依据,具有很大的现实意义。     

基于煤矿安全风险成因的国家应对体系研究

基于煤矿安全的重要性,介绍了导致我国煤矿矿难的6大主要风险因素:社会经济发展阶段、煤矿安全生产相关立法情况、能耗结构、煤矿行业人员能力、煤矿技术设备先进程度和监管有效性水平。针对这6个要素,通过问卷调查、深度访谈、案例研究的方式,研究了国家应对煤矿安全风险的体系规划。结果表明:国家在应对煤矿安全风险方面,必须采取5方面的措施,包括制定抑制经济过快增长的宏观政策和鼓励新能源政策、加强立法、吸引煤炭高等院校人才和培训在职人员﹑投资煤炭新技术研究和增加设备投入以及完备有效监管途径。应对体系从宏观、中观和微观的角度提出国家、行业、企业防范煤矿安全风险所要采取的措施,构建了从上而下的提升途径。     

治理校园安全事件的长效对策

当前,我国校园安全总的形势比较严峻,特别是2010年3月以来不到40天的时间内发生了5起校园公共突发事件。为了及时、客观地把握校园安全的基本现状,笔者运用网络调查与文献研究的方法,统计分析了自1997年以来国内外典型校园安全事件。调研结果表明,国内外校园安全形势基本态势趋紧,以美国为代表的国外发达国家校园枪击案较为典型,其根源是枪支文化和强者文化;当前,国内校园案件呈上升趋势,但随着各项综合治理措施的跟进,总体情况趋于平稳,呈现"内忧外患"基本特征,既有突出的内部原因,也有外部因素的协同作用,其中缺少校园安全综合治理的长效机制是主因。校园安全涉及的因素较多,本文从法制环境、治理机制、管理体制三个方面提出了建立校园安全长效机制的具体对策与建议。     

从互联网检索“CNKI”看我国安全学科发展

从各个行业安全、事故分类、安全系统工程的内容,安全学科分类和安全学科期刊五个不同的角度,通过互联网检索工具中国知网(CNKI)的文献数据和我国的实情总结了安全学科在我国的发展情况和发展趋势。     

不同配比安全点火药B/KNO_3的研究

为研究可靠点燃主装药,性能稳定的B/KNO3点火药,对不同配比的B/KNO3进行配制并对其性能进行测试。不同配比B/KNO3在火焰感度、静电火花感度、撞击感度、摩擦感度4项外界刺激中,除了对撞击非常钝感之外,对其他3项外界刺激敏感。在不同比例的药中,以B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药火焰感度最高,稳定性好;静电火花感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而降低,摩擦感度随B/KNO3中B比例提高而提高,但当中B比例从40%提高到50%时,这两感度改变不多。分析得出B/KNO3比例为50:50,粘结剂为X的药满足对主装药点火可靠,稳定性好。     

论灾害医学及灾后的医疗卫生保障

文中对灾害医学的诞生和发展,灾害医学的特点以及灾害医学的任务进行了论述,并对军队在灾后救援中的作用作出客观的评价。     

医疗废物焚烧处置中二恶英的过程控制安全技术

针对我国目前医疗废物焚烧处置中所存在的问题,根据二恶英生成机理和影响因素,对医疗废物焚烧处置各阶段的二恶英减排控制技术、工况参数设计、工艺设备选择等关键环节进行深入分析。结合分析结果,提出了在医疗废物焚烧前控制中,对医疗废物分类收集、分别处置进行氯源控制;讨论了医疗废物焚烧过程控制中焚烧温度、停留时间、湍流程度、过剩空气系数的最佳工艺参数;指明了医疗废物焚烧后控制中的急冷、脱酸、喷粉、除尘及灰渣处置的最优控制技术。     

Improving food security in Swaziland: The transition from subsistence to communally managed cash cropping

The Komati Downstream Development Project (KDDP), based upon the Maguga Dam has enabled 6,000 hectares of semi‐arid lowveld, in a region with low and highly variable rainfall to be converted from subsistence to irrigated commercial farming, mainly of sugar cane. This has transformed the Swazi sugar industry from one dominated by a small number of large‐scale commercial estates to one where more than 1,500 previously impoverished small‐scale Swazi farmers have been able to enter the industry by joining farmers’ associations and creating communally managed farms. Recent changes to the EU's Sugar Protocol have undermined the financial viability of the KDDP farms and undermined food security, especially for the poorest, due to the cut in sugar prices. However, some farmers’ associations have opted to keep some of their land as irrigated home gardens, rather than convert all their land to sugar cane. This model has improved food security at a time of low sugar prices and points to a more sustainable way of using water from large scale dams than the conventional model. It is argued that the EU should target support to members of the KDDP who have taken out large‐scale loans to pay for the in‐field infrastructure and encourage all farmers’ associations to adopt the food garden model. This would enable them to continue to benefit from the irrigation through improved production of subsistence crops, whilst they diversify their commercial production into novel markets.