海拉尔盆地地震勘探环境影响分析及控制措施探讨

文章以海拉尔盆地草原地震勘探为例,结合项目环境影响评价、评估工作的开展,找出地震勘探主要环境影响和生态破坏因素,通过分析其在地震生产过程中产生的环境影响及危害,提出相应的控制措施及工作建议。文章侧重于草原生态环境影响恢复与地震勘探环境保护控制技术的研究,探讨在生态环境脆弱地区实施绿色勘探的可行性,阐明实施清洁生产、营造和谐生态油田的环境保护措施。     

Elevated ozone affects the genetic composition of Plantago lanceolata L. populations

The genetic composition and diversity of Plantago lanceolata L. populations were analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as well as simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to test for differences in an old semi-natural grassland after five years of treatment with ambient or elevated ozone (O3) using a free-air fumigation system. Genetic diversity in populations exposed to elevated O3 was slightly higher than in populations sampled from control plots. This effect was significant for AFLP-based measures of diversity and for SSR markers based on observed heterozygosity. Also, a small but significant difference in genetic composition between O3 treatments was detected by analysis of molecular variance and redundancy analysis. The results show that micro-evolutionary processes could take place in response to long-term elevated O3 exposure in highly diverse populations of outbreeding plant species.     

Multi-generation studies with Chironomus riparius--effects of low tributyltin concentrations on life history parameters and genetic diversity

While toxicological data are available for numerous chemicals from standard tests, little is known on effects of pollutants over several generations or regarding chronic effects of chemicals on genetic diversity. Within the experiments, effects of the model pollutant tributyltin (TBT) were investigated over eleven generations at a sublethal TBT concentration of 4.46 μg as Sn kg⁻¹ sediment dw on life-cycle parameters and genetic variability of Chironomus riparius. Moreover, the adaptation potential towards TBT was determined. This experimental design enables the identification of TBT effects on life-cycle parameters and the determination of a potential extinction risk caused by chronic exposure. Furthermore, effects on the genetic structure can be determined, which are not predictable based solely on knowledge of the toxic mode of action of the chemical.

Genetic variety was determined via microsatellite analysis, measuring individual length differences of highly variable satellite DNA fragments. For the identification of changes in tolerances towards the stressor, acute and chronic toxicity experiments were conducted.

During the multi-generation study, significant effects on development and reproduction were determined. For some generations, the emergence was significantly (p < 0.05) delayed under TBT exposure. Reproduction seems to be a sensitive parameter as well, whereby females laid significantly larger egg masses (p < 0.05) in the latter generations. TBT did not affect the population growth rate nor the genetic variability, while clear deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium appeared. The study also provides strong evidence for the acquirement of a higher tolerance towards the stressor in the TBT-exposed group.     

Chirp浅剖仪在水域地质调查中的应用

基于线性调频技术的Chirp声学浅剖仪系统,较好地解决了探测深度以及分辨率这两个最令人关心但又互为矛盾的问题。该浅剖仪系统主要由导航系统、信号控制系统、信号发射系统、信号接受系统以及测深系统等5部分组成,理论上,其纵向地层分辨率为十几厘米左右,最大探测深度在百米左右,具体视地层以及水质等条件而定。考虑到该系统的特殊性和复杂性,对其关键操作进行了较为详细的描述。最后介绍了该系统在活断层调查、管线走向调查以及水底抛石调查等不同类型水域岩土工程勘察中的成功应用,表明其具有良好的应用前景。     

我国道路交通信号控制机认证框架体系探讨

针对目前我国道路交通信号控制机产品存在的质量问题,对信号机生产企业进行深入调研,详细分析信号机发展现状、国内外产品认证制度及信号机强制检测制度等,并结合我国交通信号机产品自身的特点和实际,参考国外产品认证模式、认证流程,提出我国信号机产品以型式试验、初始工厂检查和获证后监督为模式的认证框架体系。信号机产品质量认证框架体系的建立,对提高产品质量,规范行业生产,将发挥积极的促进作用,同时也为我国交通安全产品的质量控制提供了新思路。     

Australian junior exploration floats, 2001–06, and their implications for IPOs

An analysis of 179 junior exploration floats, listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) between July 2001 and June 2006, helped to build a basic understanding of the strategy and business structure of these companies. The “typical” junior explorer raised A$4 million at initial public offering (IPO) to finance a 2-year, mainly greenfields exploration program. The capital raised at IPO entitled its investors to approximately half of the company, with the balance in the hands of the promoters, vendors and/or seed capital investors. Of the A$4 million raised at IPO, it intended to spend approximately two-thirds on exploration, while the remainder was absorbed in corporate overheads and the costs of the IPO. Once these were paid, ongoing corporate overheads averaged approximately 28% of its total operational expenditure. However, given an average total annual expenditure of approximately A$2.6 million, most juniors held insufficient capital reserves to meet operational costs beyond a time frame of 2 years. As at October 2006, 9% of the companies were in the process of mine construction, whereas 6% had made it to producer status. The lead time from listing to production ranged from 1.5 to 53 months, giving a median of 28 months.     

地下水开采引起的地表变形调查方法

过量的地下水开采可以诱发地面沉陷、建筑物开裂破坏等城市地质灾害和工程地质环境问题。通过对某工厂地表变形特征和分布规律的调查分析，论证了地下水开采与地表变形的关系，指出其某个水井抽水是引起厂区及附近地表变形的主要诱因，且水井距离地下水径流带越近，地表变形就越严重。实践证明，通过水文地质与工程地质调查和抽水试验，可以推断抽水与地面沉陷的水力联系，利用天然电场选频法、联合剖面法、高密度电法和探地雷达等物探方法能够从空间上判断地表及建筑物变形的动力源；动、静态应变的实时观测和分析可以从时间上证实抽水与地面变形的因果关系。     

A GIS-based approach for assessing the regional conservation status of genetic diversity: an example from the southern Appalachians

Conserving genetic diversity requires an assessment of the distribution of genetic variants in relation to patterns of land use and environmental variation at a regional scale. This assessment requires a novel approach to integrating and analyzing the genetic and environmental data across spatial scales. To explore the integration of genetic data with other geospatial data sets, we developed a GIS-based approach for examining patterns of genetic diversity for several species of salamanders in southern Appalachians. The genetic data, from allozyme surveys in the genetics literature, were integrated into a GIS database along with related attributes including population identifications and spatial locations. Using existing geospatial data, we classified sample locations as being either protected from anthropogenic disturbance (e.g., National Parks, Wilderness Areas) or as unprotected (e.g., private lands, multiple-use lands in National Forests). We used multidimensional scaling of allelic frequencies and contributions of populations to interpopulation differences in allelic richness to determine which populations had genetic characteristics most different from other populations in the sample. Measures of genetic differentiation were integrated into the GIS database to facilitate spatial analysis and visualization of the indices in relation to land use. This approach was useful for both identification of populations with components of genetic variation that were not well represented at protected sites and for identifying areas of species distributions where more genetic sampling would be necessary to make informed management decisions. Our approach could be readily adapted for use by managers and geneticists working with other species and types of genetic markers.     

A contaminated site investigation: comparison of information gained from geophysical measurements and hydrogeological modeling

The investigation of contaminated sites is usually a long and expensive process. It is therefore desirable to use a combination of methodologies in an integrative approach that can reduce redundant information gathering. The objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of 2 non-intrusive exploration techniques in a contaminated site investigation. Borehole positioning based on geophysical measurements was compared to positioning based on the Bayesian expert system for flow-field modeling. The goal set at the field site was the assessment of the type and load of contaminants transported from the landfill site to the adjacent aquifer and the extent of leachate plumes within the groundwater. The two methods made different demands on information gathering and were found to be complementary. The geophysical approach focused attention on the waste compartments at the site and on mixing plumes in the adjacent aquifer but could not, without prior information, provided information on the flow field. The Bayesian approach to flow-field modeling determined areas of greatest model uncertainty at the model boundaries. The model highlighted areas of greatest uncertainty that might otherwise have been overlooked and provided information on the most likely mean direction of the leachate plumes. It was concluded that both methods contribute to a site investigation and should be used before additional drilling is carried out.     

石油勘探环境风险评价

通过对石油勘探开发过程中可能发生的环境风险进行识别和分析,提出了预防环境风险的方法和对策。为最大限度地降低风险,防止企业人员伤害、财产损失及环境破坏确定了管理目标,是石油企业实施HSE管理的一项重要内容。