近水平层状砂泥岩互层边坡悬臂梁崩塌机理研究——以志丹县牛沟川河流塌岸为例

志丹县的河流岸坡常表现为坡脚泥岩凹进、 坡体砂岩凸出的悬臂梁形式,崩塌灾害时有发生.以志丹县"牛沟川河流塌岸"为对象,研究了近水平层状砂泥岩互层边坡悬臂梁崩塌的破坏机理.经现场调查,塌岸边坡破坏类型为悬臂梁式崩塌,悬臂梁危岩体的主要成因为河流的长期侧向侵蚀作用及砂泥岩互层的长期差异风化作用;在现场调查基础上,考虑自重、...     

Use of coal to retard pesticide movement in soil

Abstract

Three different coals and an activated carbon were mixed with prescribed amounts of a sandy loam soil and added to soil columns to test their ability to retard pesticide movement. The pesticides chosen were prometon, prometryn, 2,4‐D, carbofuran, dinoseb, fenamiphos, and two oxidation products of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide, and fenamiphos sulfone. These compounds were chosen to represent different chemical classes of pesticides and because they were considered to have a high potential for transport in soils. All the coals were more effective in retaining the pesticides than the soil, however, some were more effective than others. One of the coals was the most effective in retaining the majority of the pesticides with an overall retention of 94.7% in a 4:1 soil/coal ratio compared to the soil only with a retention of 48.5%. The moisture content of the coal appears to have a positive correlation with the ability of the coal to retain the pesticides under the conditions used for this experiment.     

重庆几种地表类型土/气界面汞交换通量

应用RA915+汞分析仪与动力通量箱(DFC)联用技术,在重庆市不同区域选取几种地表类型(3个林地、2个草地和1个耕地)进行了土气界面间汞交换通量的研究.结果表明,汞交换通量范围为-59～733.8ng·m-2·h-1,平均值为115.8ng·m-2·h-1,汞交换通量大小顺序为污染区(气象站)>裸地(耕地)>大学园区(草地)>清洁区(林地).土壤汞含量、光照强度、相对湿度、土壤温度等环境因素对汞交换通量有较大影响.同时对区域汞释放进行了初步的估算,2003年重庆市从林地、耕地(旱地)和草地释放到大气中的总汞量约为791kg,释放强度为17.1g·km-2·a-1.     

寒区公路土质路堑边坡滑塌原因及其防治

通过对寒区路堑土质边坡滑塌现象的调查研究，提出了寒区路堑边坡滑塌的主要原因及影响因素，尤其对“水线”的概念、成因、分布特征以及对边坡稳定性的影响，进行了详细阐述。在此基础上构建了寒区路堑土质边坡稳定性的力学模型。通过对春融期处于饱和状态的不同坡度（1：1，1：1．5，1：1．75）土质路堑边坡土体稳定性进行验算，提出了宜排水固坡不宜削坡稳定的寒区路堑土质边坡稳定措施，即在边坡上挖设树型排水渗沟，采用自身具备反滤层功能的土工材料做下层排水，再利用网状土工格室上层固土并种植喜水根深的马莲草的综合边坡稳定防治技术，并在哈同公路路堑边坡滑塌地段进行了工程应用和实践，经过两个冻融循环，取得了较为理想的防治效果。     

Status of insecticide contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India

Twelve samples each of soil and ground water were collected from paddy-wheat, paddy-cotton, sugarcane fields and tube wells from same or near by fields around Hisar, Haryana, India during 2002–2003 to monitor pesticide residues. Residues were estimated by GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems equipped with capillary columns for organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. In soil, HCH (0.002–0.051 μg g⁻¹), DDT (0.001–0.066 μg g⁻¹), endosulfan (0.002–0.039 μg g⁻¹) and chlordane (0.0002–0.019 μg g⁻¹) among organochlorines, cypermethrin (0.001–0.035 μg g⁻¹) and fenvalerate (0.001–0.022 μg g⁻¹) among synthetic pyrethroids and chlorpyriphos (0.002–0.172 μg g⁻¹), malathion (0.002–0.008 μg g⁻¹), quinalphos (0.001–0.010 μg g⁻¹) among organophosphates were detected. Dominant contaminants were DDT, cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos from the respective groups. In water samples, HCH, DDT, endosulfan and cypermethrin residues were observed frequently. Only chlorpyriphos among organophosphates was detected in 10 samples. On consideration of tube well water for drinking purpose, about 80% samples were found to contain residues above the regulatory limits.     

长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

城市化可能引起的地貌灾害及其防治

城市化可能导致流水地貌过程系统的变化,加剧水土流失和洪水威胁;还可能导致重力地貌过程系统的变化,造成土滑、滑坡和崩塌等灾害;城区地下水、地下其它液体和固体物质的开采,可能引起地面沉降或坍陷。这一切会影响自然环境与人类环境,故应采取相应的防治措施。     

由人类活动引发的自然灾害对黑龙江省环境的影响

人类活动对自然界的影响表现在诸多方面,甚至一些自然灾害的形成和发生都与人类活动密切相关.本文阐述了水土流失、土地沙化、地面塌陷等自然灾害的成因、对黑龙江省自然环境的影响,明确了人类活动在这些自然灾害的形成和发生中所起的作用.     

彬长矿区环境地质灾害的分析预测

在系统分析彬长矿区主要环境地质灾害特征及成因的基础上,确立了矿区各类地质灾害评价预测的原则与数学模型,依据计算与分析结果,将矿区划分为稳定区、次稳定区、危险区和极危险区,并确定出了8个灾害段。     

淮南矿区地面变形的环境经济问题及对策

探讨了淮地矿地区面变形的成因及现状，分析研究了矿区内各种地面变形的危害和所造成的环境经济损失，在此基础上，提出了防治本矿区地面变形的对策。