基于故障树与贝叶斯网络的钻井井塌事故的定量分析

井塌事故在钻井过程极其常见,由于钻井液、井身结构等设计不合理,以及钻井过程的误操作均会造成井塌的发生,其后果主要是造成卡钻、卡套管等事故,严重时造成井眼毁坏。为了对井塌事故进行危险性分析,采用贝叶斯网络与故障树相结合的方法,避免传统故障树方法的局限性。首先对井塌事故的所有危险因素进行辨识建立故障树,然后将故障树转化为贝叶斯网络,建立条件概率表,运用贝叶斯网络的推理能力对井塌事故进行危险性分析。对井塌事故各基本事件概率分布的计算分析结果表明,考虑事件的多态性,综合利用故障树分析法和贝叶斯网络法能有效提高井塌事故分析的有效性,推算出井塌事故概率分布更为准确。     

输卤管道卤水漏失对地下水的影响分析

通过卤水对土壤的淋滤试验，模拟卤水管道发生漏失事故时，盐分在土壤和地下水中的迁移转化规律，为卤水漏失对地下水的影响提供定量依据。对正在开发之中的叶县盐田的环境管理具有一定的指导意义．     

基于某地铁盾构区间施工坍塌处理技术分析

盾构法施工技术具有智能、安全、快捷、地层适用性广等特点,基于以上诸多优点其在我国地铁工程建设过程中得到迅速普及,但此工法在施工过程中仍然可能引起地表沉降和地面坍塌等风险。如何减少施工造成对地面及周边建(构)筑物的影响,积累工程相关方面的经验与教训,是盾构技术人员有待解决的课题。对某地铁盾构区间施工引起地面坍塌典型事故案例的处理过程进行全面、详细分析,提出了针对地面坍塌事故处理的建议,以期为减少或预防类似事故的发生提供有益参考和帮助。     

水压在隧道工程水环境中的力学效应机理初探

隧道工程水环境和隧道工程的设计、施工及维护密切相关 ,往往是诱发工程事故的主要原因 ,其中水压是最重要的基本要素之一 ,对工程的影响主要通过其力学效应表现出来。笔者通过所建立的数学模型 ,初步解释了水压对于隧道工程力学效应 ,评价了其对隧道工程设计、施工和维护的影响     

黄土坡滑坡区临江崩滑体塌岸预测与防治

由于地质条件较差 ,黄土坡滑坡区临江崩滑堆积体曾发生多次小规模的滑塌 ,造成了重大人员伤亡和经济损失。在三峡库区蓄水后 ,影响库岸稳定的不利因素增加 ,如果临江崩滑堆积体得不到及时治理 ,一旦滑塌 ,后果将十分严重 ,崩滑体塌岸可能会影响到黄土坡滑坡区的整体稳定。为此 ,笔者根据塌岸成因的探讨 ,重点分析了塌岸的形成机制 ,有针对性地提出了防治措施     

平水铜矿的地压危害与安全对策

重点叙述了地压对矿山生产和人身设备的危害;研究了地压控制的系统性安全对策;总结了所取得的经验与效益。     

坍塌事故已成为建筑施工中又一重大伤害事故

近年来在工程施工中因坍塌事故而造成的重大伤亡事故屡有发生。文章根据工程事故实例，对坍塌事故进行了分类剖析，探讨导致各类坍塌伤亡事故发生的原因并提出相应的预防措施。     

Delineating landfill leachate discharge to an arsenic contaminated waterway

Discharge of contaminated ground water may serve as a primary and on-going source of contamination to surface water. A field investigation was conducted at a Superfund site in Massachusetts, USA to define the locus of contaminant flux and support source identification for arsenic contamination in a pond abutting a closed landfill. Subsurface hydrology and ground-water chemistry were evaluated in the aquifer between the landfill and the pond during the period 2005-2009 employing a network of wells to delineate the spatial and temporal variability in subsurface conditions. These observations were compared with concurrent measures of ground-water seepage and surface water chemistry within a shallow cove that had a historical visual record of hydrous ferric oxide precipitation along with elevated arsenic concentrations in shallow sediments. Barium, presumably derived from materials disposed in the landfill, served as an indicator of leachate-impacted ground water discharging into the cove. Evaluation of the spatial distributions of seepage flux and the concentrations of barium, calcium, and ammonium-nitrogen indicated that the identified plume primarily discharged into the central portion of the cove. Comparison of the spatial distribution of chemical signatures at depth within the water column demonstrated that direct discharge of leachate-impacted ground water was the source of highest arsenic concentrations observed within the cove. These observations demonstrate that restoration of the impacted surface water body will necessitate control of leachate-impacted ground water that continues to discharge into the cove.     

Nitrate reduction during ground-water recharge, Southern High Plains, Texas

In arid and semi-arid environments, artificial recharge or reuse of wastewater may be desirable for water conservation, but NO₃⁻ contamination of underlying aquifers can result. On the semi-arid Southern High Plains (USA), industrial wastewater, sewage, and feedlot runoff have been retained in dozens of playas, depressions that focus recharge to the regionally important High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer. Analyses of ground water, playa-basin core extracts, and soil gas in an 860-km² area of Texas suggest that reduction during recharge limits NO₃⁻ loading to ground water. Tritium and Cl⁻ concentrations in ground water corroborate prior findings of focused recharge through playas and ditches. Typical δ¹⁵N values in ground water (>12.5‰) and correlations between δ¹⁵N and ln C_NO⁻3–N suggest denitrification, but O₂ concentrations ≥3.24 mg l⁻¹ indicate that NO₃⁻ reduction in ground water is unlikely. The presence of denitrifying and NO₃⁻-respiring bacteria in cores, typical soil–gas δ¹⁵N values <0‰, and decreases in NO₃⁻–N/Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻/Cl⁻ ratios with depth in cores suggest that reduction occurs in the upper vadose zone beneath playas. Reduction may occur beneath flooded playas or within anaerobic microsites beneath dry playas. However, NO₃⁻–N concentrations in ground water can still exceed drinking-water standards, as observed in the vicinity of one playa that received wastewater. Therefore, continued ground-water monitoring in the vicinity of other such basins is warranted.