A performance comparison between nonlinear similarity functions in bulk parameterization for very stable conditions

Three sets of nonlinear similarity functions for strong stability are selected to compare their performance in bulk parameterization. To uncover their advantages and disadvantages, theoretical and measurement analyses are made with four profile metrics and the Deacon number technique. Main disadvantages include the negligence of the different transfer efficiency between momentum and heat, the flux cutoff due to the upper limit in gradient Richardson number (Ri) and the ignorance of limited stability range where the dimensionless gradient functions ( and ) approach constants. Accordingly, three suggestions are made for future improvement. First, the functions for wind velocity and potential temperature should have the same function form, but with different coefficients. Second, and should approach constants only within a certain stability range. Third, the limit value in Ri should be avoided to widen their applicability in flux modeling. Furthermore, quantitative comparisons in transfer coefficients for moment and sensible heat (C _D and C _H) are made among the similarity functions in the bulk Richardson number (Ri _B) range 0 < Ri _B < 1. Generally, significant discrepancy is found, which may approach a factor of two and three at large Ri _B in C _D and C _H, respectively. Finally, a new recommendation is made to one of the three sets, mainly because of its ability to predict C _D and C _H that decrease rather slowly in very stable conditions.     

固体气溶胶灭火剂的锥形量热仪分析

利用锥形量热仪对固体气溶胶灭火剂（EBM灭火剂）进行了研究。对于气溶灭火剂在燃烧过程中所产生的CO、CO2,以及烟比率、释放速率和耗氧状况作了定性及定量分析。证实燃烧过程中产生的CO、CO2及空气中氧含量对人体无害。     

煤氧复合热效应的影响因素分析

煤的氧化放热是引起煤自燃的主要原因。煤氧复合热效应与耗氧速率和表面反应热有关。通过分析得出 ,q(z,n,CO2 ,T,d5 0 ) =h(Z) .g(n) .f (CO2 ) .I(T) .Ψ (d5 0 )。其中主要影响因素为煤结构、温度、氧浓度及粒度。根据威斯化学结构模型、本田化学结构模型及煤分子中包含的 7种表面活性结构 ,推出煤自燃表面分子结构模型 ,并分析其表面活性结构的种类、数量、活泼性 ,它们随煤体不同而千差万别 ;表面活性结构随温度变化的氧化活泼性及反应过程不同 ,造成煤表面氧化反应热 H不同。外在主要影响因素—煤的温度、氧浓度、粒度不同造成了耗氧速率 VO2 不同 ,使煤的放热强度不同。对此 ,通过 XK型煤自然发火实验台及 XKS程序升温实验台进行了实验分析     

Radiation Crosslinking of Poly(Butylene Succinate) in the Presence of Inorganic Material and Its Biodegradability

Three kinds of poly(butylene succinate)s (PBS) with different molecular weight were irradiated with electron beams in the presence of inorganic material. Fourteen kinds of inorganic materials were used in this work. The presence of inorganic material inside cross-linked PBS samples enhances the yield of gel formation. The heat stabilities of PBS samples were checked; it was found that silicon dioxide and carbon black significantly improve these properties. Enzymatic and soil burial tests were performed; the presence of these inorganic materials in cross-linked PBS accelerates the rate of biodegradation.     

Adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by active red mud

Red mud is the waste of alumina industry and has high TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 content which are active components for the adsorption of anion pollutants.In this study,the uptake of phosphate by red mud activated by heat treatment and acid-heat treatment was investigated. The factors influencing the adsorption were also investigated.The result showed that the red mud sample treated using acid-heat method at 80℃with 0.25 mol/L HC1 for 2 h achieved the highest phosphate removal.For the heat-activated red mud,the sample heated at 700℃for 2 h preformed better than the other heat treatment.Phosphate removal by the activated red mud was significantly pH dependent,and pH 7 was the optimal pH for phosphate removal.The adsorption fits Langmuir isotherm model well and the maximum adsorption capacities of the acid-heat activated red mud and the heat activated samples were 202.9 mgP/g and 155.2 mgP/g,respectively.     

A new type of Stirling heat engine

This is a new technique for operating a Stirling heat engine. Theoretically, its thermal efficiency should be greater than 100%. However, it does not violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics; it is not a perpetual motion engine, because the atmospheric pressure can be utilized as the external energy source, which no other existing heat engines can do. This means that the new type of heat engine can offer an immediate and concrete solution to the many energy and climate challenges that we are facing; therefore the reliability and significance of this new type of Stirling heat engine is self-evident.     

铁岭市生态环境现状及保护对策

通过对铁岭市生态环境的现状调查和分析，总结了铁岭市生态环境存在的问题及其成因，提出了生态环境保护的对策。     

建筑供暖节能与改善环境

提高供暖技术,减少供暖能耗对节约能源与改善建筑热环境起着重要作用,本文阐述了目前我国供暖技术及耗能现状,提出在改善居住热环境前提下,面向21世纪供暖技术发展对策。     

WINTER HEAT BUDGET AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: Winter heat budget and frazil ice production in the St. Lawrence River between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam are analyzed. Contributions of each heat exchange component, and spatial distributions of heat exchange rates are calculated for three typical winters. Based on the calculated heat budget, the amount and distribution of frazil ice generated in the study reach is analyzed. The result of this study indicates that the thermal energy contained in the river water flowing into the study reach is a dominate factor in the heat budget analysis. The heat flux from the channel bottom accounts for an important portion of the total heat budget during the ice covered period.     

碱浸钢丝污泥热处理后的重金属形态及浸出特性

为了分析碱浸钢丝污泥热处理后的重金属形态及浸出特性,以ALRS（碱浸钢丝污泥）为研究对象,通过批处理试验,研究了热处理温度对ALRS中Pb和Zn浸出特性及其化学形态的影响,并运用重金属综合毒性指数模型（STI）对热处理ALRS中Pb、Zn的综合毒性进行了评估.结果表明:高温热处理使得ALRS的物相成分发生改变,钙-铁复合氧化物分解,形成单一铁氧化物及钙氧化物.热处理使得ALRS中Pb、Zn总量有一定程度增加,而其浸出量随处理温度升高而降低,Pb、Zn最大释放量与总量的最大比值仅为0.52%.BCR连续提取法结果表明,ALRS中Pb、Zn形态主要是以残渣态和可氧化态形式存在,酸溶态含量较低,分别为2.84%和8.94%.经热处理后,Pb和Zn的残渣态含量（F4）明显增加,酸溶态（F1）、可还原态（F2）、可氧化态（F3）3种形态含量减少,两种重金属的稳定态含量与不稳定态含量比值[（F3+F4）/（F1+F2）]分别在900和800℃时取得最大值（22.86和10.61）.综合毒性评估结果表明,STI值由原状样品的0.065减至900℃下样品的0.046,重金属综合毒性和生态风险显著降低.研究显示,热处理可增加碱浸剩余污泥中Pb、Zn的稳定性,降低其生态风险.