Kabrit ki gen twòp mèt: understanding gaps in WASH services in Haiti's IDP camps

Despite the enormous infusion of post‐quake aid to Haiti, cholera had killed more than 8,000 people by January 2013. Based on two mixed‐method studies of a random sample of 108 internally displaced person (IDP) camps and 168 interviews with agency representatives and recipients, this article examines the prevalence of factors that have proven most relevant to the rapid spread of cholera, particularly the provision of water and sanitation services in IDP camps. The study reveals that 30% of IDP camps had no toilets and 40% had no access to water before the outbreak, with only minimal progress after three months. Using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses, this article explores patterns in the gaps of services with a range of variables such as NGO camp management, municipality and landowners. It offers several theoretical and policy explanations for low level of services, concluding with a series of recommendations for better coordination and management.     

消防员地震救援防护头盔的研制

本文通过对消防员地震救援过程中防护头盔的功能分析,提出了救援头盔的设计思路和需要实现的技术指标,从而为研制地震救援用防护头盔提供依据。     

2004年12月26日印尼8.7级强震后江苏地区同震效应分析

在2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊北部发生8.7级强烈地震后,对江苏省地震前兆观测资料进行了及时的清理和分析,发现凡是能监测地下应力活动的前兆观测手段,如应变、地倾斜、水温和水位,在这次特大地震的震后都记录到了显著的异常,且异常的表现形式各不相同,将这些异常列出并浅析之,以期对进一步深入研究这次地震对我国未来地震趋势的影响有所帮助。     

水库堤坝渗漏的探地雷达探测研究

以甘肃省民乐山丹地震时受到一定破坏的李桥水库为对象,用探地雷达对水库大坝填土不密实引起的渗漏病害进行了探测研究。探测表明壤土心墙填土总体密实性差,松散、不均匀、裂隙较多,坝身长期渗漏已在部分区域形成洞穴。利用探地雷达技术对该水库东、西段坝顶下和坝后道路下心墙内的渗漏通道进行了诊断,进而提出了水库堤坝渗漏破坏经历3个发展时期及其对应的雷达图像特征。     

基于贝叶斯网络的化工园区地震次生灾害情景分析

为了研究化工园区内发生地震灾害后的事故演化过程,利用事故链模型对地震次生灾害演化过程进行分析,并将其转化为贝叶斯网络,确定各节点的变量与状态取值范围;通过相关文献及专家经验判断分析,获得贝叶斯网络中各节点的条件概率;依据贝叶斯网络的推理策略,比较不同地震烈度下,各化工事故发生的后验概率值,并探讨应急救援的及时性对地震次生灾害发生概率的影响,从关键要素遏制化工事故的发生,采取针对性的应对措施,尽可能的降低化工事故,有效的降低人员伤亡及财产损失。     

Stigma in science: the case of earthquake prediction

This paper explores how earthquake scientists conceptualise earthquake prediction, particularly given the conviction of six earthquake scientists for manslaughter (subsequently overturned) on 22 October 2012 for having given inappropriate advice to the public prior to the L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009. In the first study of its kind, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 earthquake scientists and the transcribed interviews were analysed thematically. The scientists primarily denigrated earthquake prediction, showing strong emotive responses and distancing themselves from earthquake ‘prediction’ in favour of ‘forecasting’. Earthquake prediction was regarded as impossible and harmful. The stigmatisation of the subject is discussed in the light of research on boundary work and stigma in science. The evaluation reveals how mitigation becomes the more favoured endeavour, creating a normative environment that disadvantages those who continue to pursue earthquake prediction research. Recommendations are made for communication with the public on earthquake risk, with a focus on how scientists portray uncertainty.     

Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake

ABSTRACT

In an effort to understand the social-physical vulnerabilities from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this research established and validated a conceptual model for natural disaster analysis. The earthquake severely impacted the built environment, with many buildings being destroyed in the earthquake and from secondary impacts. This vulnerable environment exacerbated the poverty in the local residents because of the lack of flat land and the inaccessibility of the mountainous areas. Therefore, there was an interactive relationship between the built environment vulnerability and the social vulnerability. Due to general poverty and low education levels, social vulnerability in rural areas is often the result of poor quality building construction; in the event of an earthquake, therefore, most economic losses and casualties are the result of building destruction. To enhance social-physical resilience, measures should be adopted to mitigate the vulnerability of the built environment and society through actions such as land use planning, the use of seismic-resistant technologies, and investment in infrastructure, education, industrial development, and environmental protection. This research extracts the reasons for the vulnerabilities through an examination of the interactions between the natural environment, the built environment, and the local society. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications in assisting vulnerable communities resist and adapt to natural hazards to achieve sustainable development.     

云南鲁甸5.1、5.0级地震震害分析

通过对鲁甸5.1、5.0级两次地震后112个居民点的震害调查,分别给出了5.1级地震等烈度分布图及5.1、5.0级地震等烈度综合分布图;分析了场地条件及其震害、各类房屋的震害特征、典型结构房屋的震害原因以及生命线工程震害。结果表明,两次地震形成较大范围的7度破坏区和少数调查点有8度破坏现象的主要原因是:震源浅,地表振动强烈;盆地区广泛分布有煤层、膨胀土、淤泥土和松散的粉砂、粉土等不良影响地层,且埋藏浅;震区建筑结构简易,抗震能力极差;两次地震震害叠加。最后对灾区恢复重建提出了4条建议。     

一个特殊的地震空区

1999 11 0 1,山西省大同市发生了M5 6地震 ,此前 10个月在其震源附近曾发生一群震源定位结果较好的小震。从小震在三维空间的分布情况看 ,在垂直剖面上存在一个NWW向的特殊空区 ,且似乎存在围空地震按顺时针方向旋转发生的现象。采用层状介质点源位错模型 ,由理论地震图拟合观测的垂直向记录 P、 S最大振幅的比值反演小地震震源机制的方法 ,使用大同地震台网和其他地震台网部分台站的记录资料 ,求得小地震的震源机制解。这些震源机制解在 4个象限中呈现出了不同的性质 ,且每两个相对象限中震源机制解的性质相近。5 .6级地震发生在该空区的边缘 ,而余震序列将其填充 ,余震区的长轴方向和空区方向相同。     

The generative power of metaphor: long‐term action research on disaster recovery in a small Japanese village

Disaster recovery is a dynamic process of creating, maintaining, and changing the meaningful context of survivors. It is completed when they redevelop their self‐reliance and resume managing their social relations with a sense of community. This study employed action research to examine how researchers and survivors collaborated to change disaster recovery through the generative power of metaphor in a small village in Japan that experienced the Niigata–Chuetsu earthquake on 23 October 2004. It outlines long‐term collaborative practices as survivors undertook new activities owing to the power of the metaphor of ‘school’. Once ‘school’ was adopted as the metaphor for where survivors learnt new skills and passed on traditional knowledge, they created new metaphors and performed new activities independently, which is critical for recovery as it demonstrates self‐reliance. The paper assesses the reasons why generative metaphors worked effectively in this case and highlights some academic and practical implications for disaster recovery.