汶川地震大型高速远程滑坡力学机理及控制因子分析

根据汶川地震典型高速远程滑坡坡体结构特点及坡体对地震动的响应,认为地震波是造成山体变形破坏的原动力,强烈的地震动是触发岩体高位剪出并被抛射的主要原因。滑坡体被抛射后,撞击铲刮坡面形成高速碎屑流作远程运动,其运动距离决定其造成危害的大小,在不考虑地震长持时的情况下,其后续运动距离决定于不同的内部控制因子,统计分析表明:发震断裂只有触发效应以及"上/下盘效应",与灾害规模无关,多半滑坡发生于平均坡度为30°～45°坡体结构,滑坡体运动距离L与其拔河高度H具有很好的相关性,坡体拔河高度越大,滑坡体滑过的区域面积及堆积体积就越大,滑坡运动距离就越远,运动性就越强,造成的灾害也就越大。     

遥感震害快速评估技术在汶川地震中的应用

2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级大地震发生后,在地面交通严重受阻、通信中断的情况下,遥感技术成为了地震灾情获取、地震应急和震后快速评估的重要手段。提出了利用高分辨率遥感影像进行地震应急和震后快速评估的技术流程,该流程涉及到遥感影像的数据管理、快速校正、图像增强、震害信息提取、地震灾情快速评估和评估结果网络发布等关键技术。利用遥感震害识别和快速评估技术准确提取了汶川地震的震害信息,绘制的基于遥感数据的汶川地震烈度分布图与中国地震局公布的基于地面调查结果的地震烈度分布图非常接近,首次实现了在震害遥感影像获取后的2~6h内,提供准确的宏观灾情分布情况以及初步的地震损失评估结果,在汶川地震的灾情获取、地震应急和震后快速评估中发挥了重要的作用。     

地震作用下地铁车站结构的动力变形响应研究

研究地铁车站结构在地震作用下的变形,对地铁的建设和安全运营有着重要的现实意义。本文进行了北京地区土层中典型地铁车站结构的振动台试验,并使用FLAC2D对试验进行模拟分析,得到了在地震作用下地铁车站结构的变形响应规律。结果表明:地铁结构的变形峰值随地震强度的增加而增加;结构中柱的峰值应变和峰值挠度曲线曲率,两端大、中间小;侧墙峰值挠度曲线的各点曲率为常数,这是因为侧墙与顶底板组成的箱形结构整体刚度大,难以发生破坏;中柱底端应变呈正负循环变化,侧墙的应变曲线与受冲击荷载的变形曲线相似。     

对甘肃民乐--山丹6.1级地震震害的几点认识

甘肃民乐-山丹MS6.1级地震虽属中等强度地震,但却造成了大量房屋的破坏,且夺去了10人的宝贵生命,这充分暴露出了我国西部贫穷地区一些建筑结构抗震能力极差的弱点.列举了地震区内不同结构类型房屋及民乐、山丹两县水利系统各种结构在这次地震中的表现.通过对其震害的描述,初步分析了破坏原因,并相应提出了一些建议.     

An Aegean island earthquake protection strategy: an integrated analysis and policy methodology

Viewing an insular setting as a distinct risk environment, an effort is made here to develop a methodology for identifying core issues related to earthquake risk and disaster protection policy, adjusted to the 'specificities' of such a context. The methodology's point of departure is the inherent condition of the 'island operating as a closed system', requiring an attempt to assess and optimise local capacity (social, political, economic, institutional and technical) to deal with an earthquake emergency. The island is then treated as an 'open system', implying that in the event of a disaster, it should be able to maximise its ability to receive and distribute external aid and to manage effectively population evacuation and inflows/outflows of aid resources. Hence, an appropriate strategic policy approach could be developed by integrating the 'open' and 'closed' system components of an island setting. Three islands from the Aegean Archipelagos in Greece--Chios, Kos and Nissyros--serve as case study areas.     

Post-disaster resettlement, development and change: a case study of the 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran

Planned and involuntary resettlement after natural disasters has been a major policy in post-disaster reconstruction in developing countries over the past few decades. Studies show that resettlement can result in significant adverse impacts on the resettled population. Conversely, a well-planned and managed resettlement process can produce positive long-term development outcomes. This article presents the results of a case study undertaken 11 years after the 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran. During the reconstruction period, a policy of involuntary planned resettlement was pursued extensively. The socioeconomic changes that occurred as a consequence of this policy of involuntary resettlement are analysed. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey that involved a sample of 194 relocated households (grouped into a settlement that later became a town). The paper shows that relocated families face difficult socioeconomic challenges after relocation and regrouping. This is especially true with respect to employment, income, the empowerment of women and lifestyle issues.     

国家地震应急快速响应信息系统建设——以首都圈地区为基础

以首都圈防震减灾示范项目的建设为例，介绍了国家层次的地震应急快速响应信息系统的总体架构、技术路线和核心功能。该系统以B／S和C／S混合结构为主体架构，以GIS为开发平台，实现了地震触发—灾害响应—灾害评估—辅助对策应急响应流程的各项相关核心功能，对我国开展“十五”应急响应工作提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

京津冀一体化的地震灾害应急准备分区*

为研究京津冀地区地震灾害应急准备分区问题,针对京津冀地区地震灾害风险及应对特点,构建地震应急准备选址评价指标体系,设计Jenks-AHP方法计算京津冀地区13个城市应急准备选址优先度,基于运筹学经典LP模型,运用数学规划、GIS系统V图及缓冲区分析技术,给出京津冀地震应急准备分区的3种优选方案。结果表明:在应急覆盖面积最大和应急响应时间最短的目标规划下,2个分区应选择以北京、石家庄为应急中心的区划为最优方案;3个分区应选择以北京、天津、石家庄为救援中心的区划为最优方案;4个分区应选择以北京、天津、石家庄和唐山为救援中心的区划为最优方案。研究结果可为京津冀3地打破行政区划壁垒,开展一体化应急准备体系规划和应急资源储备布局提供决策参考。     

大跨度斜拉桥抗震性能分析与减震控制研究

本文以香溪河大桥为工程背景,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS建立该斜拉桥的有限元模型,进行地震作用下的动力非线性时程分析,并以COMBIN37单元模拟非线性粘滞阻尼器,研究了粘滞阻尼器参数对桥梁抗震性能的影响规律,并确定了合理的阻尼器参数取值。并对未设置与设置粘滞阻尼器的桥梁结构地震响应进行数值分析与比较,分析结果表明:合理设置粘滞阻尼器,可以有效降低桥梁结构关键部位在地震作用下的位移响应,并对结构内力也有一定的降低。本文研究结果为大跨度斜拉桥振动控制分析及工程应用具有重要的指导意义。     

Emotional,physical, and social needs among 0–5‐year‐old children displaced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake: associated characteristics and exposures

An 8.8‐magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010, displacing nearly 2,000 children aged less than five years to emergency housing camps. Nine months later, this study assessed the needs of 140 displaced 0–5‐year‐old children in six domains: caregiver stability and protection; health; housing; nutrition; psychosocial situation; and stimulation. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the degree to which emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with baseline characteristics and exposure to the earthquake, to stressful events, and to ongoing risks in the proximal post‐earthquake context. In each domain, 20 per cent or fewer children had unmet needs. Of all children in the sample, 20 per cent had unmet needs in multiple domains. Children's emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with ongoing exposures amenable to intervention, more than with baseline characteristics or epicentre proximity. Relief efforts should address multiple interrelated domains of child well‐being and ongoing risks in post‐disaster settings.