滤料的应用及其发展

重点介绍原材料和纺织工艺对滤料发展的影响及国内外滤料发展的最新动向和最新的成果,指出了滤料发展存在的问题和今后发展的方向.     

Field Survey of Trans-boundary Air Pollution with High Time Resolution at Coastal Sites on the Sea of Japan during Winter in Japan}

An intensive field survey, with 6-h measurement intervals, of concentrations of chemical species in particulate matter and gaseous compounds was carried out at coastal sites on the Sea of Japan during winter. The concentration variation of SO₂(g) and HNO₃(g) were well correlated, whereas the NH₃(g) concentration variation had no correlation with those of SO₂(g) and HNO₃(g). The NH₄ ⁺ (p)/non-sea-salt- (nss-)SO₄ ^{2 −}(p) ratio in particulate matter was mainly affected by the location of the sampling site. One or more concentration peaks of nss-Ca^{2 +} for survey period were observed. Backward trajectories analyses for the highest nss-Ca^{2 +} concentration peaks showed some inconsistency in pathways. We consider that insufficient mixing of the atmosphere and/or insufficient time for the transported air pollutants to react with those discharged locally are the most likely explanations for the discrepancies between the measured products [HNO₃][NH₃] and the calculated values.     

沸石生物滤池处理低浓度生活污水的工艺性能及影响因素

为将电厂低浓度生活污水处理后回用于循环冷却水,开发了沸石滤料曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)工艺,在直径0.2m、滤料高3m的ZBAF装置中处理低浓度生活污水.结果表明,在温度为12℃～17℃,停留时间1.4h,气水比4:1,进水浊度、BOD₅、COD_Cr和NH₄⁺-N分别为59NTU、30mg/L、81mg/L和16mg/L时,相应的出水指标为3.2NTU、3.2mg/L、14.5mg/L和0.5mg/L,满足再生水用作循环冷却补充水的水质标准.改变水力停留时间和气水比对BOD₅、COD_Cr和浊度去除率影响不大,但对NH₄⁺-N去除率影响较大.生物相观察发现:反应器内脱碳/硝化区(C/N区)生物相很丰富,其中固着型纤毛虫很多;而硝化区(N区)生物相比较单一,主要为硝化菌.固着型纤毛虫数量明显减少处为2个区的分界线.     

曝气生物滤池反冲洗的特性

试验根据曝气生物滤池区别于普通给水滤池的特点,从反冲洗方式、反冲滤床形状等方面进行深入地对照研究.结果发现在相同的反冲条件下,在反冲方式的对照中,脉冲反冲洗具有远大于气水连续反冲洗的效能;在滤池池型的选择中,扩展流池型曝气生物滤池较均匀流池型曝气生物滤池易于洗净和生物滤层的恢复.最后优化组合了反冲方式和滤池池型,即脉冲反冲方式与扩展流曝气生物滤池组合后,对应既定的运行工况,确定了最佳的反冲运行参数为:气冲强度8～10L/(s·m² )、水冲强度2～4 L/(s·m² )、反冲时间5min.     

离子色谱法测定大气颗粒物中的阴离子

用戴安DX—120型离子色谱仪测定大气颗粒物中的阴离子,并对其分析过程进行研究。     

处理污水后陶粒作为栽培基质的试验

以秸秆-粉煤灰陶粒（比表面积为7．925m2·g-1）作为曝气生物滤池（BAF）载体填料,处理城市污水和餐饮废水,其COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别为90．33％、77．44％、82．41％和86．50％、68．98％、80．30％。对处理污水后陶粒的农用资源化可行性进行评估,考察陶粒不同施用量对小白菜（Brassicachinensis）种子萌发、生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明,处理污水后陶粒的性能指标达到GB8172—87《城镇垃圾农用标准》;陶粒质量分数为20％时小白菜种子发芽率最高,且萌发较快,在5d时达到100％;随陶粒施用量增加,小白菜长势更好,产量大致呈增加趋势,陶粒质量分数为80％时增产率最高,为352．51％。但陶粒施用量越高,栽培基质抗干旱能力越差,陶粒质量分数为20％和40％处理具有较好的土壤保湿效果。     

两级Fenton-厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池深度处理垃圾渗滤液

浙江某生活垃圾填埋场采用两级Fenton-厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池工艺对其渗滤液进行深度处理。工艺最终出水ρ(COD)<70 mg/L,去除率达96.1%;ρ(TN)<40 mg/L,去除率达95.9%;ρ(NH3-N)<10 mg/L,工艺出水达GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》中一般地区表2排放标准。     

进水负荷对曝气生物滤池内微生物的影响

曝气生物滤池(BAF)技术集生物降解与固体截留于一体,抗冲击负荷能力强。通过提高滤速,可以增加处理容量并节省空间与成本。综述进水负荷对BAF中生物膜形成、生物的空间分布、生物量、生物活性等方面的影响,指出今后的发展应集中于研究生物膜的特点、稳定高效的运行方式及处理效率与反应器微生物特征的相关性等方面。     

可吸入颗粒物中非晶质含量的原样XRD分析

为了获取尽可能完整的样品信息,直接利用采集的大气PM10原样进行非晶质X射线衍射(XRD)的定量分析.按照实际PM10的构成用玻璃纤维滤膜采集人为模拟大气结晶颗粒物样品,结合实验拟合得到的滤膜衍射图,推导出根据空白滤膜衍射强度计算不同样品载量时滤膜的衍射强度公式,从而消除了滤膜的基底效应的影响,并计算出实际大气样品中非晶质的衍射强度.采用无定形碳模拟大气中的非晶质,通过测定纯碳的衍射强度,得到纯碳比空白玻璃纤维滤膜的参比强度K为0.59,类比绝热法求出非晶质的质量百分比.应用该方法对北京市2010年冬季采集到的一组大气可吸入颗粒物样品进行了原样XRD分析,得出其非晶质含量分别为10.44%、13.83%、15.12%、15.88%和11.96%.     

Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic sulfur compounds in off-gas mixture from a wastewater treatment plant using a two-stage bio-trickling filter system

A two-stage BTF system was established treating odorous off-gas mixture from a WWTP. The two-stage BTF system showed resistance for the lifting load of H₂S and VOSC. Miseq Illumina sequencing showed separated functional microbial community in BTFs. Avoiding H₂S inhibition and enhancement of VOSC degradation was achieved. Key control point was discussed to help industrial application of the system. Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) in off-gas mixture from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is difficult due to the occasional inhibitory effects of H₂S on VOSC degradation. In this study, a two-stage bio-trickling filter (BTF) system was developed to treat off-gas mixture from a real WWTP facility. At an empty bed retention time of 40 s, removal efficiencies of H₂S, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were 90.1, 88.4, 85.8, and 61.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of lifting load shock on system performance was investigated and results indicated that removal of both H₂S and VOSCs was slightly affected. Illumina Miseq sequencing revealed that the microbial community of first-stage BTF contained high abundance of H₂S-affinity genera including Acidithiobacillus (51.43%), Metallibacterium (25.35%), and Thionomas (8.08%). Analysis of mechanism demonstrated that first stage of BTF removed 86.1% of H₂S, mitigating the suppression on VOSC degradation in second stage of BTF. Overall, the two-stage BTF system, an innovative bioprocess, can simultaneously remove H₂S and VOSC.