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841.
为研究建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间变化规律,提出了高温烟气的主要几种热损失的计算方法,发展了受火室与未受火室及环境的热平衡方程,并采用牛顿-拉菲尔森法迭代得到受火室的温度变化.计算了慢速、中速、快速、超快速四种火灾增长速率下,受火室气相温度及烟气热损失随时间的变化.本文的研究方法及有关结果可以为建筑防火及安全疏散提供有力依据. 相似文献
842.
A. Joyce J. Adamson B. Huntley T. Parr R. Baxter 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,68(2):127-136
Daily mean, maximum and minimum surface airtemperature data were gathered from a network ofautomatic weather stations (AWS) within the Moor HouseNational Nature Reserve in northern England. Five AWSwere installed next to the official EnvironmentalChange Network weather station at Moor House. Datawere compared graphically and correction constantswere calculated to adjust data from each AWS to thestandard of the official station by optimising theconcordance correlation coefficient. Each correctedstation was re-located next to one of five in-situstations in and around the reserve, allowingcorrection of all temperature sensors to a commonstandard. The mean error associated with measureddaily mean, maximum and minimum temperature for eachsensor does not exceed ±0.2 K. The procedurequantifies a source of systematic measurement error,improving the identification of spatial temperaturedifferences between stations. 相似文献
843.
WANG Jian-li ZHONG Jun-bo GONG Mao-chu LIU Zhi-min ZHAO Ming CHEN Yao-qiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(6):644-646
Five monolithic catalysts with low noble metal content were prepared by irnmerge method (Pt/γ=Al2O3, Pt/La-Al2O3, Pt/YSZ-AI203, Pt+Pd/La-Al2O3 and Pd/La-Al2O3) and their activity measurements were carried out in a conventional fixed-bed flow reactor. The results show that La-Al2O3 can promote activity of the prepared catalysts and can decrease the complete conversion temperature of cooking fume. The Pt/La-Al2O3 catalyst has the highest activity and can be applied in wide range of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV). Some characterizations (XRD, TPR) were carried out with the objective to explain differences in catalytic behaviors. The prepared catalyst showed a great potential for application. 相似文献
844.
Temperature dependence of the absolute rate constant for the reaction of ozone
with dimethyl sulfide
Absolute rate constants for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were measured in a 200-L Teflon chamber over the temperature range of 283-353 K. Measurements were carried out using DMS in large excess over ozone of 10 to 1 or greater. Over the indicated temperature range,the data could be fit to the simple Arrhenius expression as KDMS = (9.96±3.61)×10-11exp(-(7309.7±1098.2)/T)cm3/(molecule·s). A compared investigation of the reaction between ozone and ethene had a kc2H4 value of(1.35±0.11)×10-18 cm3/(molecule·s) at room temperature. 相似文献
845.
硫高温腐蚀及腐蚀产物氧化自燃性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着炼制原油硫含量的增加,炼油装置的硫腐蚀问题也日益严重.针对硫高温腐蚀状况,用差热-热重分析仪研究硫与Fe(OH)3、Fe2O3和Fe3O4发生硫化腐蚀反应的初始温度,并采用X射线衍射仪鉴定了360 ℃高温无氧条件下硫化腐蚀产物的组成.结果表明,硫与Fe(OH)3、Fe2O3和Fe3O4发生硫化反应的初始温度分别为287.67 ℃、233.34℃和308.47 ℃;高温硫化腐蚀产物主要是FeS2.对硫化产物FeS2进行氧化反应,氧化升温曲线和耗氧曲线表明,硫化腐蚀产物FeS2具有很高的氧化自燃性,在一定条件下能引发油品火灾和爆炸等事故. 相似文献
846.
The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface. 相似文献
847.
Peter A. Cott Paul K. Sibley Andrew M. Gordon R.A. Bodaly Kenneth H. Mills W. Murray Somers Gerald A. Fillatre 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(2):328-342
Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal. 相似文献
848.
De Silva Sena S. Turchini Giovanni M. 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(5):459-467
The status of wild capture fisheries has induced many fisheries and conservation scientists to express concerns about the
concept of using forage fish after reduction to fishmeal and fish oil, as feed for farmed animals, particularly in aquaculture.
However, a very large quantity of forage fish is being also used untransformed (fresh or frozen) globally for other purposes,
such as the pet food industry. So far, no attempts have been made to estimate this quantum, and have been omitted in previous
fishmeal and fish oil exploitation surveys. On the basis of recently released data on the Australian importation of fresh
or frozen fish for the canned cat food industry, here we show that the estimated amount of raw fishery products directly utilized
by the cat food industry equates to 2.48 million metric tonnes per year. This estimate, plus the previously reported global
fishmeal consumption for the production of dry pet food suggest that 13.5% of the total 39.0 million tonnes of wild caught
forage fish is used for purposes other than human food production. This study attempts to bring forth information on the direct
use of fresh or frozen forage fish in the pet food sector that appears to have received little attention to this date and
that needs to be considered in the global debate on the ethical nature of current practices on the use of forage fish, a limited
biological resource. 相似文献
849.
The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban
area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective
measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed
in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season.
The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December.
The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland
from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to
the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat. 相似文献
850.
Native trout species, such as the redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), occupy thermally harsh stream habitats in hot, arid rangeland basins of the western United States. Declines in the distribution
and abundance of these species has generated interest in understanding how these cold water species survive in these systems,
as well as in identifying opportunities to restore these species to their former ranges. The purpose of this study was to
assess the potential for thermal stratification to provide thermal refuge for redband trout in stream pools characterized
by warm intermittent flow conditions on arid rangelands. We studied vertical thermal stratification in two pools during three
summers on Boles Creek located on the Modoc Plateau in extreme northeastern California. Water and air temperature data were
collected on a 0.5 h time step from 15-Jun through 15-Sep during 1996, 1997, and 2000 using commercial temperature data-loggers.
Water temperature was measured at the top (0.3 m below pool surface) and bottom (0.3 m above pool substrates) of each pool.
Vertical thermal stratification occurred within these pools creating conditions as much as 7.6 ˚C cooler and consistently
more constant at the bottom of pools compared to pool surface waters. Thermal stratification was dependent upon air temperature
with the magnitude of stratification increasing as air temperature increased. The magnitude of thermal stratification varied
significantly from year to year, likely reflecting variation in annual weather conditions. The thermal regime in the study
pools was often near the upper lethal limit reported for redband trout, but temperatures at the bottom of these pools did
offer refuge from lethal temperatures realized near the pool surface. Temperatures at pool bottom were consistently above
optimal levels published for redbands. 相似文献