江苏海岸带滩涂围垦区土地利用类型变化研究——以江苏省如东县为例

滩涂围垦与开发是海岸带地区特有的土地利用模式,揭示新中国成立以来滩涂已开发围垦区土地利用类型结构能够为该地区未来土地利用与规划提供一个标尺。论文以江苏省如东县为例,从土地利用类型结构与土地利用类型综合指数两部分探讨新中国成立以来不同围垦年限滩涂围垦区土地利用类型结构变化特征,揭示土地利用变化过程,对该地区土地可持续利用具有重要意义。结果表明：新中国成立以来,如东县不同年限围垦区土地利用类型变化存在阶段性特征。从围垦时间序列来看,农用地占比在30 a 围垦区最高,其变化呈现“S”型特征;建设用地呈现间歇性增长,周期为20 a,其中村庄用地在围垦10 a 逐步出现;未利用地一直下降,在40 a 围垦区保持稳定,主要类型为河流用地。滩涂围垦区土地利用强度在30 a 围垦区达到最高,呈现“S”型变化特征。土地利用多样性指数在30 a 围垦区达到最高值,呈现倒“U”型特征。滩涂围垦区土地利用类型演变存在三个阶段。江苏省沿海滩涂淤长为滩涂围垦奠定了自然基础条件,围垦初期,受到盐分的限制,只有耐盐植物和改良作物能够在滩涂土壤上生存,随着土壤不断脱盐,滩涂围垦区土地利用类型逐步多样化,在未来滩涂资源开发利用过程中,需要重点开展滨海盐土的开发复垦工作,严格审批新增建设用地,积极保护自然生态环境,实现沿海滩涂地区可持续发展。     

北京城市发展新区土地利用景观格局分析

以北京南部城市发展新区典型代表———房山、大兴、通州3处作为研究区,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和景观格局指数的方法,进行土地利用变化和景观格局分析。通过对2001—2006年、2006—2011年两个时段的对比分析,发现2001—2006年研究区存在草地、林地、耕地等非建设用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升的趋势,且2006—2011年该趋势更加明显。结果表明研究区自然景观向人文景观变革迅速,并面临着后备土地资源不足等问题,亟需调整土地利用方式并优化景观系统空间格局。     

发展再生资源产业 实现可持续发展

党的十七届五中全会给再生资源产业的发展提供了重大发展机遇。再生资源行业必须坚持以科学发展为主题、以加快转变经济发展方式为主线,立足实际,转变经营方式,提高发展的全面性、协调性、可持续性,推动＂十二五＂期间再生资源产业发展迈上新台阶。     

土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响研究综述

土地利用/覆被变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,不仅带来了地表结构的巨大变化,而且对生态系统服务也造成重要影响。土地利用变化和生态系统服务研究已成为国际上生态学和地理学等跨学科研究的热点之一。从土地利用变化和生态系统服务的概念及其影响因素分析入手,综述了土地利用面积变化、土地利用方式变化和土地利用空间格局变化等对生态系统服务的影响,归纳了土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响研究的主要方法和模型,分析了相关研究的不足,并提出了加强生态系统服务动态评估方法和时空动态评估模型的研究、强化土地利用变化对生态系统服务影响的生态学机制研究和注重土地利用变化下生态系统服务评估结果的集成应用研究等建议,以期对我国的土地利用变化与生态系统服务评估研究提供科学参考。     

南四湖湿地景观格局变化的生态系统服务价值响应

利用1987-2010年5期卫星遥感影像监测南四湖湿地景观格局变化,并且采用市场比较法、影子工程法、工业制氧成本法、碳税法和价值替代法等多种评估方法对南四湖湿地景观格局变化的生态系统服务功能价值响应进行深入探讨.结果表明,南四湖湿地中大量芦苇、荷田等自然湿地景观转化为养殖水域、水稻田等人工湿地,景观格局趋于破碎化;湖泊湿地景观格局变化对于湿地的供给功能、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能均有影响,其中对供给功能和调节功能影响最大.以2010年不变价计算,南四湖湿地景观格局变化导致2010年湿地生态系统服务功能价值比1987年减少3.06亿元,其中大气成分调节功能价值损失11.7亿元,净化功能价值损失3.77亿元,涵养水源功能损失0.65亿元,物质生产功能价值增加13.06亿元,其他功能价值对湿地景观格局变化的响应不明显.     

Land-use dynamics and landscape pattern change in a coastal gulf region,southeast China

This study quantitatively analyzed spatiotemporal changes in land use and landscape pattern in a coastal gulf region of southeast China by comparing classified satellite images from 1988, 2002, and 2007, using a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and landscape pattern metrics. The results show an increase in cropland, built-up area, and aquaculture area and a decrease in orchards, woodland, and beach area during 1988–2007. Over the study period, 64.3% of newly-expanded cropland was from woodland; newly-expanded built-up area of 34.8, 27.2, and 20.4% was converted from cropland, woodland, and beach areas, respectively; and newly-expanded aquaculture increased by 45.1 and 29.4% from beach and water body areas, respectively. Trend analysis of landscape pattern metrics demonstrates fragmentation of the landscape, with landscape pattern structure becoming more complex over the last two decades in the Louyuan Gulf region. Urbanization and policy developed to transfer beach/seawater areas into built-up area/aquaculture are the two main driving forces contributing to dynamic changes in land use and landscape pattern in the last two decades in Louyuan.     

Public sector perspectives and policy implications for the Pitons Management Area World Heritage Site,St. Lucia

St. Lucia faces numerous challenges associated with striking a balance between its economic and conservation goals with respect to the Pitons Management Area (PMA) World Heritage Site. Among the various stakeholders, the public sector, which largely constitutes the administrative authorities representing the general public, plays an instrumental role in site management. They are primarily responsible for policy formulation as well as the provision of fiscal incentives and funds to assist in the maintenance of the site. Based on a qualitative inquiry approach, this study explored the perspectives of key persons among pertinent public and non-profit organizations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among local and national representatives from the public sector. Results revealed that the designation of the PMA as a World Heritage Site has presented both opportunities and challenges to the management of the site. Findings strongly indicate that the integrity and sustainability of the site is at stake due to a lack of commitment, coordination and political will in the public sector.     

Sovereign financial disaster risk management: The case of Mexico

In 2006, Mexico became the first transition country to transfer part of its public-sector natural catastrophe risk to the international reinsurance and capital markets. The Mexican case is of considerable interest to highly exposed transition and developing countries, many of which are considering similar transactions. Risk financing instruments can assure governments of sufficient post-disaster capital to provide emergency response, disaster relief to the affected population and repair public infrastructure. The costs of financial instruments, however, can greatly exceed expected losses, and for this reason it is important to closely examine their benefits and alternatives. This paper analyzes the Mexican case from the perspective of the risk cedent (the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit), which was informed by analyses provided by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The rationale for a government to insure its contingent liabilities is presented along with the fiscal, legal and institutional context of the Mexican transaction. Using publicly available data, the paper scrutinizes the choice the authorities faced between two different risk-transfer instruments: reinsurance and a catastrophe bond. Making use of IIASA's catastrophe simulation model (CATSIM), this financial risk management decision is analyzed within the context of a public investment decision.     

滇池流域土地利用景观空间格局对水质的影响

选用综合水质评价方法,对滇池流域进行水质评价。选取斑块数量（NP）、斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块指数（LPI）、最大形状指数（LSI）,作为表征景观空间格局的参数,来分析流域优势斑块对水质的影响。对水质评价结果与景观指数进行相关性分析得出：居民点及工矿用地斑块数量越多、形状越不规则,有利于延缓水质状况的恶化;耕地斑块越大,越集中,本身产生的面源污染浓度就越高,而流经耕地的径流中的污染物浓度则会因大斑块的吸附过滤作用而降低;林地斑块密度越大,对污染物的截留纳污作用就越大,而斑块越大,可能产生局限性,导致未流经林地的污染物直接进入河流而影响水质。     

中国冰川旅游资源开发模式与对策研究

中国冰川资源规模巨大,形态各异,在国内旅游市场中具有绝对的垄断性地位。然而,我国冰川旅游发展却较为缓慢,景点稀少,与冰川资源禀赋极不相符,与国外冰川旅游发展差距较大。冰川旅游资源的吸引功能并非由冰川旅游单体决定,往往由冰川及周边景观的组合程度大小决定。鉴于此,中国冰川旅游需要改变以往冰川观光和其他单一景点开发模式,进而向冰川、雪山、森林、草甸、湖泊、峡谷与民族文化组团式开发转变,通过冰川与其他景观的组团式开发模式,扩展其冰川旅游类型与内涵,延伸其高山带山地旅游产业链,提升我国冰川旅游产品品牌价值,以此为我国冰川资源优势转变为经济优势提供理论与实践支持。