三峡库区居民膳食结构与重金属摄入水平研究

采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取地处三峡库区中心位置的重庆市石柱县549户居民作为调查对象,对库区居民膳食结构进行了调查,同时应用总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要蔬菜、肉类、粮食等样品,测定了铅、砷、镉、汞等4种重金属元素含量,分析了库区居民的重金属摄入水平.结果显示,1)除谷类、豆类、薯类和糖类外,城镇居民对其余各类食物的摄入量均高于农村居民的摄入量,城乡居民对谷类、蔬菜、水果、奶制品的摄入量还存在不足;2)库区食物中铅、镉超标较严重,其中乳类、蛋类铅含量分别为允许限量的4.98、4.54倍,砷、汞超标情况相对较轻;3)库区居民通过食物摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞4种有害重金属元素水平均低于相应的ADI值,但城镇居民、农村居民摄入的镉元素水平分别达到ADI值的86.88%和75.35%,应当引起警惕;4)薯类、谷类和蔬菜类食品是库区居民重金属摄入的主要膳食来源.     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的格局分析

应用DCA排序与双项轨迹方差法相结合的方法,对云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的分布格局进行了分析.结果表明,群落格局与其优势种的格局关系密切,披针苔草 车前群系、披针苔草 蒲公英群系和嵩草 车前群系的格局差异明显,种群和群落的分布格局不仅受种的生物学特性影响,还受环境因子制约.图4表1参19     

不同放牧强度下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群小尺度空间格局

利用R ip ley’s K函数以及蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)随机模拟方法,定量分析了4种放牧强度———无牧、轻牧(1.33只羊/hm2)、中牧(4.00只羊/hm2)、重牧(6.67只羊/hm2)下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群的小尺度空间格局及其随尺度的变化规律;研究了放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局的影响;并以放牧条件下星毛委陵菜的生活史特征、生态适应对策以及群落内植物种间的相互作用为基础,探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理.研究表明:(1)放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局有显著影响,同一放牧强度下星毛委陵菜种群在不同尺度上的空间格局存在显著差异.(2)无牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~96 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在96~100 cm尺度为随机分布;轻牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~92 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在92~100 cm尺度为随机分布;中牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~72cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在72~100 cm尺度为随机分布;重牧条件下,星毛委陵菜在20~22 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在15~17 cm、23~28 cm和46~50 cm尺度为均匀分布,在0~15 cm、17~20 cm、22~23 cm、28~46 cm和50~100 cm上为随机分布.(3)同一放牧强度下,随着尺度的增大,星毛委陵菜种群由集聚分布趋向于随机分布;且转变为随机分布时的尺度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐缩小.这与星毛委陵菜生物学特性和种群对放牧压力的生态适应对策密切相关.(4)在0~100 cm尺度上,星毛委陵菜种群的集聚强度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐减小,即:无牧>轻牧>中牧>重牧.(5)放牧活动改变了决定群落结构的有关过程的相对重要性.这些研究结果将为在放牧活动干扰下草原群落的演替提供理论依据.图2参24     

无公害菜田土壤环境评价系统的建立和应用

根据京郊菜田的分布和土壤养分、土壤环境质量特点选择了监测点，按照各个指标对土壤质量的影响程度确定评价指标及其权重，并据此建立了无公害菜田土壤环境评价系统。系统采用分层体系结构，在目前基于J2EE架构开发Web应用的基础上，采用J2EE中的JSP，Servlet，JavaBean以及JDBC技术来构建该平台的基础组件框架，结合MVC结构的方式来构建Web应用系统，有效地提高了应用程序的可重用性、可维护性和可扩展性。根据过去3年的监测结果对于系统进行了初步应用，对各个监测点的菜田土壤环境质量进行了评价，表明该评价系统对菜田环境质量管理具有很好的指导意义。     

内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域土地覆盖空间格局特征及其持续性分析

基于1979、1987和2002年3个时期的土地覆盖类型图，从斑块面积、形状、空间关系3方面着手。利用斑块面积百分比、面积变异系数、分维数3个景观格局指数对内蒙古皇甫川五分地沟小流域的土地覆盖格局及变化特征进行研究；并以流域为尺度，测算土地覆盖破碎度、多样性指数、分维数、合理性指数4个指标随时间变化的持续性。结果表明：研究区土地覆盖现状呈现各类型相对较均衡的镶嵌状分布格局，土地覆盖类型较稳定，斑块形状较简单，受人类干扰较大。土地覆盖特征指数的持续性分析结果与对应的指标分析结果相吻合。     

摩托车发动机活塞浇注模设计

根据实际生产的需要对摩托车发动机活塞的成形工艺进行分析 ,从而确定合理的浇注方案 ,然后详细地阐述活塞浇注模结构设计和工作原理 ,并介绍了模具的抽芯过程和型芯的典型加工工艺     

Meadow management and occurrence of corncrake Crex crex

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of corncrakes in two Swedish meadow sites managed by mowing and grazing, but also with abandoned meadows. Most corncrakes (58%) on meadows were found in unmanaged areas without subsidies to the farmers (i.e. areas with tall vegetation). Several corncrakes (62%) were found in restored areas, managed for less than 10 of the last 40 years, fewer (38%) in areas under continuous management. Vegetation height was negatively associated with number of years of management the last 40 years, and the continuously managed areas were avoided by corncrakes. Sites where corncrake territories occur regularly should be managed to maintain tall vegetation suitable for the species, which requires increased use of mowing. However, the results from our study also suggest that yearly mowing might result in a vegetation structure that is avoided by corncrakes. To achieve a balance between tall grassy vegetation and prevention of succession to scrub a possible management regime would therefore be mowing at intervals of a few years.     

Plant species in arable field margins and road verges of central Norway

Plant species composition and species number were studied in two types of field margins: 31 arable field margins and 33 road verges. Both field margin types were adjacent to intensively managed grass or cereal fields. Effects of eight variables on field margin vegetation were studied. Despite having many plant species in common, composition and species number differed between the two field margin types, due to different ecological conditions and margin management. Arable field margins were composed of tall and/or nutrient demanding ubiquitous species and were characterised by species of later successional stages than those of road verges. The vegetation of road verges was lower and species numbers were higher than in arable field margins. The road verges contained several semi-natural meadow species that are declining in abundance. A CCA ordination of the field margins and the recorded variables showed that plant species composition was significantly affected by thickness of litter, slope, width, moisture level and type of crop in the adjacent field. Number of plant species was significantly higher in mown than unmown margins and generally higher in margins adjacent to fields with mainly grass production than in margins adjacent to fields with mainly cereal crops. In order to preserve botanical diversity in this agricultural landscape, the maintenance of regularly mown road verges should be prioritized.     

城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响

为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明：（1）城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;（2）各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;（3）在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。     

辽宁浑河断裂带及其邻近地区水系格局构造节理与构造应力场的研究

本文根据浑河断裂带及其邻近地区的水系格局、构造节理和地震震源机制解等资料研究该区新构造时期以来的构造应力场。本区在同一地质构造作用下,构造应力场相同,为NEE向。浑河断裂以抚顺市石门岭煤矿区为界,断裂的东南段最新活动时期为261.95±26.05ka.B.P,为中更新世活动断裂,而东北段断裂的最新活动时期为44.7±3.6ka.B.P,表明晚更新世以来仍有活动。在NEE向构造应力场的作用下,北东向的浑河断裂反映为右旋逆冲的运动性质。