都市圈边缘城市经济联系格局及发展策略研究

在都市圈主导区域发展的空间背景下,都市圈的聚集增长凸显边缘(边际)城市的发展困惑。本文立足多都市圈相互作用的空间基础,构建以现实经济联系(人流、资金流、信息流)与潜在经济联系的综合测度模型,来判读边缘城市之未来发展方向,并据此提出相关空间发展策略。案例研究表明:现阶段淮安市与南京、苏锡常、徐州等都市圈的经济联系强度分别为1.688、1.405、1.164,经济联系隶属度分别为39.65%、33.01%、27.34%,说明淮安市并不存在占主导地位的单一经济联系单元,其经济联系格局是都市圈辐射能力及其空间可达性合力作用的结果。未来淮安市应努力构建区域综合网络关键节点,坚持产业错位发展,充分利用都市圈发展的"溢出效应"(或边缘效应),致力培育次区域增长极。研究成果能够为都市圈边缘城市的规划发展提供借鉴和启示。     

中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空差异及驱动因素

以全国县域为研究单元,基于2004年和2014年各县统计数据,采用ESDA、重心迁移、GWR等方法对县域人均粮食占有量的空间格局进行测定,并分析人均粮食占有量区域差异的空间异质性及变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2004~2014年,全国各县域粮食的人均占有量呈现总体上升的趋势,人均粮食占有量的重心在10a间由西南向东北转移,且南北方向迁移的幅度大于东西方向迁移的幅度。2004年全国县域人均粮食占有量冷热点分布相对分散,东北地区是全国唯一的热点区,冷点区分布在沿海地区,2014年热点区相比于2004年有所缩小,冷点区则有所扩大。影响人均粮食占有量变化各因素的重要程度在空间上差异明显,其重要程度由大至小依次为:人口数量第三产业比重城市化率第二产业比重人均GDP。     

上海市青浦区景观格局的粒度效应分析

以上海市青浦区为研究区域，基于ETM遥感影像数据和GIS技术，采用优势规则栅格聚合方法，对分类的ETM数据进行了粒度变换。以景观格局分析程序Fragstats3．3为分析工具，从景观类型水平和景观水平上研究了景观格局的空间粒度效应。研究结果表明：（1）不同的景观类型、不同的景观特征指数对粒度响应存在差异：居住景观和道路景观是对粒度响应最敏感的两种景观类型；形状指数、聚集度指数、斑块数量指数对粒度响应的敏感程度较高，多样性指数、均匀度指数、景观面积比例指数、分维数对粒度响应的敏感程度较低；此外，还发现优势景观随着粒度增加面积增大，形状规则的景观对粒度响应敏感程度低。（2）景观指数的粒度响应曲线存在尺度转折点，且多出现在40、60、80、120m，其中第一尺度区域多为20～40m或20～60m。第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围，所以本研究中所用景观类型图进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围为30-40m。（3）研究发现由不同指数表征相同的生态现象可能会出现相反的粒度效应，在一定程度上体现了景观指数量化景观格局的局限性。     

1980年以来中国大宗作物空间格局变化分析

利用1980～2014年间的大宗作物(玉米、水稻、小麦、棉花、油菜)面积数据,以省级行政区为研究单元,采用多种数理统计和GIS空间分析技术,结合同期作物之间的竞争性用地关系,对全国上述五类大宗作物的空间分布格局及其变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明:玉米的空间分布相对较均衡;小麦的空间格局总的变化不明显但是省际分布最不均衡;棉花近30 a来空间格局变化极其显著,其面积重心从河南境内不断地向西北地区移动,目前位于甘肃省境内;油菜的面积重心自湖北境内不断地向南推移到湖南境内,水稻的面积重心则自江西境内逐渐向北移动到湖北境内.另外,部分区域的同期作物(如油菜与小麦、棉花与春玉米)空间格局变化存在明显的“消-长”关系,特别是在甘肃和内蒙,油菜小麦的面积变化有着极强的负相关性,其pearson系数低于-0.8.作物种植的成本收益变化是造成这些大宗作物空间格局变化的主要原因,城市化发展的程度、农民非农就业机会的高低、同期作物之间的比较效益差距等也是这些大宗作物时空格局产生变化的重要原因.     

Systems of Knowledge: Dialogue, Relationships and Process

During the last 20 years, the existence of rich systems of local knowledge, and their vital support to resource use and management regimes, has been demonstrated in a wide range of biological, physical and geographical domains, such as agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and agroforestry, medicine, and marine science and fisheries.Local knowledge includes empirical and practical components that are fundamental to sustainable resource management. Among coastal-marine fishers, for example, regular catches and, often, long-term resource sustainment are ensured through the application of knowledge that encompasses empirical information on fish behaviour, marine physical environments, fish habitats and the interactions among ecosystem components, as well as complex fish taxonomies. Local knowledge is therefore an important cultural resource that guides and sustains the operation of customary management systems. The sets of rules that compose a fisheries management system derive directly from local concepts and knowledge of the resources on which the fishery is based.Beyond the practical and the empirical, it is essential to recognise the fundamental socio-cultural importance of local knowledge to any society. It is through knowledge transmission and socialisation that worldviews are constructed, social institutions perpetuated, customary practices established, and social roles defined. In this manner, local knowledge and its transmission, shape society and culture, and culture and society shape knowledge.Local knowledge is of great potential practical value. It can provide an important information base for local resources management, especially in the tropics, where conventionally-used data are usually scarce to non-existent, as well as providing a shortcut to pinpoint essential scientific research needs. To be useful for resources management, however, it must be systematically collected and scientifically verified, before being blended with complementary information derived from Western-based sciences.But local knowledge should not be looked on with only a short-term utilitarian eye. Arguments widely accepted for conserving biodiversity, for example, are also applicable to the intellectual cultural diversity encompassed in local knowledge systems: they should be conserved because their utility may only be revealed at some later date or owing to their intrinsic value as part of the world's global heritage.At least in cultures with a Western liberal tradition, more than lip-service is now being paid to alternative systems of knowledge. The denigration of alternative knowledge systems as backward, inefficient, inferior, and founded on myth and ignorance has recently begun to change. Many such practices are a logical, sophisticated and often still-evolving adaptation to risk, based on generations of empirical experience and arranged according to principles, philosophies and institutions that are radically different from those prevailing in Western scientific circles, and hence all-but incomprehensible to them. But steadfastly held prejudices remain powerful.In this presentation I describe the 'design principles' of local knowledge systems, with particular reference to coastal-marine fishing communities, and their social and practical usefulness. I then examine the economic, ideological and institutional factors that combine to perpetuate the marginalisation and neglect of local knowledge, and discuss some of the requirements for applying local knowledge in modern management.     

基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建

贵阳市是我国典型的喀斯特地区,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱。在生态重要性、景观连通性和生态需求分析的基础上进行生态源地识别,根据土地覆被状况、人为干扰程度和夜间灯光数据构建了生态阻力面,基于最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道网络,在此基础上构建了贵阳市域和市区的景观生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)贵阳市最重要和重要生态斑块总面积5 393.43 km2,主要分布在西部和北部;生态用地斑块的景观连通度总体较高,其中园地最好,林地最差;生态需求较高的区域主要分布在人口密集的城市建成区周边。生态源地占总面积的18.56%,集中分布于北部及西南部红枫湖、百花湖等区域;(2)贵阳市生态廊道总长为933.58 km,其中关键廊道长287.6 km,沿东北向西南方向延伸。现状廊道遍布市域,主要为河流水系;潜在廊道和关键廊道98%都为林地,主要分布于北部和西部生态环境较好的山地丘陵区;(3)市区景观生态安全格局中,生态源地主要集中在百花湖、红枫湖、香纸沟、相思河等风景区,花溪湿地和南明河作为市区关键廊道纵贯南北。最后,在此基础上提出了\"保护和建设并重、区县间统一规划的\"生态系统管理对策,为贵阳市生态环境建设提供切实可行的科学指导。     

丹江口库区土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化

丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程水源地,其库区的土地利用/覆被变化可能带来的生态环境效应备受关注。以2000和2004年的多源遥感影像为主要数据源,解译生成土地分类数据,对研究区内土地利用变化总体特征、速度、景观优势度变化以及景观生态效应进行了分析。结果显示：库区在这4年间土地利用整体结构上没有显著改变,但是耕地、建设用地增加,林地、未利用地减少。景观多样性指数及景观均匀性指数呈下降趋势,说明景观异质程度下降,景观类型有向单一化及非均衡化方向发展的趋势。林地减少加剧库区的水土流失,导致库区的生态环境质量下降,应采取措施促使库区经济与生态环境良性地协调发展。     

不同生态经济类型区生态农业模式与技术研究

开展区域生态农业建设,是推进农业结构战略性调整,加速农业由资源数量型向技术效益型转化,实现农业可持续发展的必然选择。根据湖南省近10年生态农业研究成果与实践经验,针对全省不同生态经济类型区的自然资源特点和社会经济发展水平,系统研究阐明了山地“林-药-果”、丘陵“草-粮-牧”、岗地“果-粮-猪”、平湖“粮-经-牧-渔”、水域“水生经济作物-水禽-水产”共生、蓄洪垸“林-草-牧-渔”、庭园“猪-沼-果”、城郊(或旅游区)“农业观光园”等区域生态农业实用模式的建设重点与技术要点,并实例分析了推广应用上述高效生态农业模式所产生的经济、生态与社会效益。     

Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: what do we know?

The objective of this paper is to synthesize the large literature recording changing patterns of precipitation in the observed data, thus indicating that climate change is already a reality. Such a synthesis is required not only for environmental researchers but also for policy makers. The key question is the broad picture at major regional and continental levels. Some interesting conclusions for this survey are emerging. For example, the review shows increased variance of precipitation everywhere. Consistent with this finding, we observe that wet areas become wetter, and dry and arid areas become more so. In addition, the following general changing pattern is emerging: (a) increased precipitation in high latitudes (Northern Hemisphere); (b) reductions in precipitation in China, Australia and the Small Island States in the Pacific; and (c) increased variance in equatorial regions. The changes in the major ocean currents also appear to be affecting precipitation patterns. For example, increased intensity and frequency of El Ni?o and ENSO seem associated with evidence of an observed "dipole" pattern affecting Africa and Asia, although this time series is too short so far. But the changing pattern calls for renewed efforts at adaptation to climate change, as the changing precipitation pattern will also affect the regional availability of food supply.     

长江经济带入境旅游经济时空格局动态性——基于ESDA&GWR法

以5 a为时间间隔,运用ESDA法采用旅游外汇收入平均增长量和平均增长率指标,研究长江经济带126个市域单元2000~2015年入境旅游经济的空间格局演化特征,运用GWR法分析入境旅游经济影响因素的空间异质性。结果表明：（1）长江经济带旅游外汇收入平均增长量莫兰指数经历了 0.164 6~0.164 1~0.057 2的变化趋势,增量相似市域由较强集聚向较弱集聚转化,市域旅游经济增长趋于均衡。一级热点区始终位于江浙沿海市域。一级冷点区由研究区中部向苏北转移,空间范围大大缩小。（2）长江经济带旅游外汇收入平均增长率莫兰指数表现为 0.098 6~0.293 1~0.198 9 的变化趋势,市域之间旅游经济增长关联程度增强,总体差异逐渐缩小。一级冷热点区大幅度转移,同时热点区范围大幅度扩大。后期热点市域数量大大超过冷点市域数量。（3）入境旅游发展较为落后的湖南省、云南省增长速度最快,长三角城市群所属市域始终是入境旅游经济增长最活跃的地区。