大学生减灾教育对策研究

灾害风险认知能力是进行减灾教育的基础,受众获取灾害知识与信息的方式是影响减灾教育方法的重要因素,而受众获取灾害知识与信息的途径则会直接影响灾害内容的传递效率和效果。本文针对以上所关心的问题,为了建立合理有效的大学生减灾教育计划,应对大学生防灾减灾意识和能力不足的现状,通过问卷调查,分析和研究了来自不同生源地大学生的灾害风险认知水平、获取灾害知识和信息的方式与途径。从自然灾害风险认知的视角,通过寻找不同特性大学生群体获取减灾知识与信息的差异和趋同性,提出了现势条件下针对大学生的减灾教育对策。     

辅助矿山救护队的建设工作应该加强

在现代煤矿里，灾害和事故仍然是不可避免的。采取减小组织内成员的自由度来强化专业救灾机构的整体功能固然重要，但非专业化的辅助矿山救护队的建设工作更应加强。因为他们亲临现场，熟悉灾情，又处于救灾的黄金时间里。因此，对是否酿成灾害和灾害中损失的控制问题，辅助矿山救护队有更多的优势。     

湖南省洪涝灾害脆弱性评估和减灾对策研究

自然灾害灾情受到灾害系统脆弱性和致灾因子风险性的共同作用，而脆弱性是自然环境变化和人为影响因素在一定的时空条件下耦合的产物。同一致灾强度下，灾情随脆弱性的增强而加重，降低灾害脆弱性可减轻灾害造成的经济损失，因此灾害脆弱性的研究对防灾抗灾具有重要的意义。洪涝灾害是湖南省最严重的自然灾害之一。根据长时间序列的气象资料和经济统计数据，选取7项指标，应用数学模型来综合评估湖南省洪涝灾害的脆弱性．揭示洪涝灾害脆弱性的基本特征。结果表明湖南省洪涝灾害脆弱性总体水平较高，并且具有明显的空间分异规律。通过相关分析，表明这种分异规律与实际洪涝灾害情况具有一致性，说明本研究对该区防洪抗涝决策有一定的借鉴和指导作用。最后针对影响洪涝灾害脆弱性的因素和成灾机制，提出一系列可持续的生态减灾工程体系的建设思路。     

浅谈我国冰雹的分布规律及其保险对策

本文从冰雹灾害的分布规律着手,研究我国雹灾对策形式之一——雹灾保险,在对世界各国雹灾保险借鉴的基础上,选择我国雹灾保险的模式,建立适合我国国情的雹灾保险。     

论北京城市建设的综合减灾问题

本文针对北京城市建设面临的自然与人为灾害背景,简要论述了北京地震、水灾、火灾及“新致灾源”的历史及现状,强调开展首都圈灾害研究及减灾规划设计的重要性,并提出了系统的减灾方略及相应的管理构想。     

贵州省西部环境灾害与防治

本文分析了贵州西部环境灾害的形成原因，它既受自然因素的影响，也受人类活动的影响。并提出了防治贵州西部环境灾害的基本措施。     

Ambivalence towards discourse of disaster resilience

This paper investigates empirically how the international aid community (IAC)—donors and practitioners—considers and implements disaster resilience in a specific country setting, Nepal, and throughout the rest of the world. A key finding is that there is ambivalence about a concept that has become a discourse. On a global level, the IAC utilises the discourse of resilience in a cautiously positive manner as a bridging concept. On a national level, it is being used to influence the Government of Nepal, as well as serving as an operational tool of donors. The mythical resilient urban community is fashioned in the IAC's imaginary; understanding how people create communities and what type of linkages with government urban residents desire to develop their resilience strategies is missing, though, from the discussion. Disaster resilience can be viewed as another grand plan to enhance the lives of people. Yet, regrettably, an explicit focus on individuals and their communities is lost in the process.     

Concerns and future preparedness plans of a vulnerable population in New Jersey following Hurricane Sandy

Knowing how people prepare for disasters is essential to developing resiliency strategies. This study examined recalled concerns, evacuation experiences, and the future preparedness plans of a vulnerable population in New Jersey, United States, following Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Understanding the responses of minority communities is key to protecting them during forthcoming disasters. Overall, 35 per cent of respondents were not going to prepare for an event. Intended future preparedness actions were unrelated to respondents' ratings of personal impact. More Blacks and Hispanics planned on preparing than Whites (68 versus 55 per cent), and more Hispanics planned on evacuating than did others who were interviewed. A higher percentage of respondents who had trouble getting to health centres were going to prepare than others. Respondents' concerns were connected to safety and survival, protecting family and friends, and having enough food and medicine, whereas future actions included evacuating earlier and buying sufficient supplies to shelter in place.     

本溪市典型区域环境地质灾害遥感调查

辽东山地属于环境地质灾害易发、多发区域之一,选择本溪市南芬区东部为典型研究区域,以卫星遥感、地面环境调查为主要手段,开展滑坡、泥石流和崩塌环境地质灾害调查,为建立环境地质灾害信息系统、减灾防灾提供科学依据。     

Public participation in NGO-oriented communities for disaster prevention and mitigation (N-CDPM) in the Longmen Shan fault area during the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake periods

ABSTRACT

The Longmen Shan fault area in southwest China is one of the world’s most active earthquake zones. The epicenters of the two most recent earthquakes, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (8.0?Ms) and the 2013 Lushan earthquake (7.0?Ms), both of which caused serious losses, were only 85?km apart. Community-based disaster risk reduction is the foundation of the disaster management system pyramid and is critical to the success of ‘sustainable hazard mitigation’. Based on multiple collaborative stakeholder perspectives, this paper examines public participation in an NGO-oriented Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (N-CDPM) in the period between the two earthquakes as a multi-stage problem; N-CDPM establishment, normal operations, disaster testing, and continuous improvement. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas in the Longmen Shan fault area to examine the collaboration in each stage, after which the differences were compared across the four stages based on eight key indices; scales, core stakeholders, core network stability, mean number of lines, mean collaborative level, governments, and individual and public organization participation. The government participation, individual participation, and public organization participation are then discussed. This paper provides a novel research approach to CDPM in multiple earthquake regions and gives rich insights into the collaboration between the government and the public for N-CDPM.