Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27

Following the recognition of the detrimental effects of nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union (EU) on human health and environment, series of environmental policy measures have been implemented from the early 1990s onwards. However, these measures have only been partially successful. Clearly, there is lack of integration of available measures and there is lack of enforcement and hierarchy; which measures should be implemented first? We identified and assessed three ‘most promising measures’ to decrease N losses from agriculture, i.e., (i) balanced fertilization, (ii) low-protein animal feeding, and (iii) ammonia (NH₃) emissions abatement measures. Environmental-economic assessments were made using scenario analyses and the modeling tools MITERRA-EUROPE and CAPRI.In the baseline scenario (business as usual), N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production increases from 44% in 2000 to 48% in 2020, while total N losses decrease by 10%. Implementation of promising measures increases NUE further to 51–55%, and decreases NH₃ emissions (by up to 23%), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (by up to 10%) and N leaching losses (by up to 35%). Differences in responsiveness to promising measures varied between and within Member States. Strict implementation of balanced fertilization in nitrate vulnerable zones, as defined in the Nitrates Directive, decreases total farmers’ income in EU-27 by 1.7 billion euros per year. Implementation of all three measures decreases farmers income by 10.8 and total welfare by 17 billion euros per year, without valuing the environmental benefits.The study presented here is one of the first EU-wide integrated assessments of the effects of policy measures on all major N losses from agriculture and their economic costs. Our results show that the most promising measures are effective in enhancing NUE and decreasing NH₃ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching to groundwater and surface waters, but that income effects are significant. The order of implementation of the measures is important; NH₃ emissions abatement measures must be implemented together with balanced N fertilization.     

我国固体废弃物监管模式建设对策初探

我国固体废弃物的产生量在迅速增加,成为制约社会经济持续发展的瓶颈问题。通过研究与固废相关的国际公约,比较发达国家之间不同的固废监管模式,并指出我国现行的监管模式存在责任不当、职责不清等问题。在借鉴发达国家先进经验基础上,提出我国可借助《巴塞尔公约》等国际公约来约束固废的跨界转移,从源头开始控制固废的产生,并控制固体废物的转移运输,加强固废监管能力建设,健全法律体系,加强监管协调,采用市场手段、宣传手段,让社会企业参与政府部门的固废管理和组织工作,把固废回收、处理的责任从政府转移到具体的企业上,降低处理成本,提高处理技术。     

改建铁路噪声污染的“以新带老”措施探讨

以沈阳至哈尔滨铁路提速改造工程（长大K410-长大K580＋400）为例,探讨改建铁路环评过程中,对于不同的路段如何确定噪声污染防治原则;如何结合实际,落实噪声污染防治的“以新带老”措施。并根据改建铁路工程具体情况和铁路沿线环境敏感点分布情况,提出了具体的噪声污染防治原则和污染防治措施。预测结果表明,实施这一原则与方案,既可以保证改建路段沿线环境质量达标,又使得既有路段沿线环境质量有所提高。本文认为,根据中国国情,改建铁路噪声污染防治的“以新带老”措施不能一步到位,但必须制定达标计划,实施逐步提高。     

关于大气污染监测与防治措施研究

随着城市化建设的不断发展,大气环境所遭受的破坏也越来越严重,近年常发生的雾霾天气就是大气环境被破坏的证明,人们长期处在这样的大气环境中将令身体健康遭受极其严重的损害。我国对大气环境治理非常重视,正在全面开展大气污染监测与防治工作,本文对此作了简要分析,希望对提升大气污染监测与防治效果具有一定促进作用。     

城市河道水环境生态修复研究

如今城市河道水环境的污染问题越来越严重,已经严重影响了人类的生活以及城市的建设,因此加强城市河道水环境的生态修复已经成为目前急需进行的重要工作之一。本文针对城市河道水环境生态修复的相关问题展开了探讨,首先探讨了关于城市河道水环境生态修复的价值以及在修复过程中应该持守的各方面原则,并根据几种先进的水环境生态修复措施进行了详细的探讨,以期为城市河道水环境修复工作提供参考。     

中国流域水污染防治规划问题与对策研究

科学制定和实施有效的水污染防治规划,是改善中国流域水环境质量的主要措施之一.对中国"九五"和"十五"期间的流域水污染防治规划实施状况进行了评估,分析了规划制订与实施过程中存在的相关问题,提出了改进中国流域水污染防治规划制定和实施的相关对策.分析结果表明,中国重点流域水污染防治规划实施状况较差,突出表现为控制目标没有达到、投资额不能到位和项目实施率较低等现象.通过对制约规划实施效果的主要因素的深入分析,发现规划目标可达性较差、数据可靠性较低、规划技术方法以及监管体制、环境标准和法律法规等不完善问题是制约规划成功实施的关键性要素.针对上述问题,分别提出了规划体系、管理体制、投资方式、监督管理、标准体系建设以及法律法规完善等方面的改善建议与对策.     

SBR法处理屠宰废水氨氮升高原因分析及改进措施

通过对水中氮的内循环及氮支出的叙述,分析了屠宰废水经SBR法处理后氨氮升高的原因,并提出了改进措施。     

Critical review of actually available chemical compounds for prevention and management of cyanobacterial blooms

Cyanobacteria proliferation is among the most threatening consequences of freshwater pollution. Health risks from human and other-organism exposure to cyanobacteria have led to an effort to find practical methods for cyanobacterial water-bloom reduction. Hence, methods and techniques have been developed in order to reduce the amount of phosphorus or to decrease the abundance of nuisance phytoplankton species directly in the water bodies (in-lake measures). Although these “acute” methods do not solve the problem of catchment area eutrophication, they are cheaper, easier to manage, and for some areas they are the only way to protect human and environmental health against massive cyanobacterial proliferation. This review summarizes the extent of knowledge and published data about the management using metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ca), photosensitizers (hydrogen peroxide, phthalocyanines, TiO₂), herbicides and chemicals derived from natural compounds as fast and efficient removal agents of cyanobacteria. This review concludes that some compounds, when non-persistent and ecotoxicologically acceptable may help to manage cyanobacterial blooms in an efficient way compared to previous methods (e.g. copper sulfate).     

湘江枢纽工程对水生生物的影响及防治研究

探讨了内河航运枢纽工程对河流水生生物的种类，数量，繁殖的影响，以及水质变化对水生生物的影响，提出了相应的防治措施，以湘江大源渡航运枢纽工程拟建成河道不源渡水库为例，对鱼类的影响分析为重点，为工程的决策提供了依据。     

黄河三角洲大气环境污染现状及防治

东营市地处黄河三角洲地区，近年来随着经济的发展和人口的增多，大气环境污染问题越来越引起人们的重视。以１９９８年的统计年报和大气监测数据为依据，客观分析了黄河三角洲地区的大气污染现状、主要污染物，并且根据１９９３～１９９８年监测数据，对大气污染趋势分析，并提出了防治措施。