基于主成分投影法的洪水灾情评价研究

洪水灾情等级的合理评估能够为防灾、减灾及备灾工作提供科学的依据,具有重要的现实意义。首先建立主成分投影法评价模型,并给出模型的基本步骤。以受灾面积、受灾人口数、破坏房屋面积和经济损失作为评价因子,构建洪水灾情的主成分投影评价模型。利用该模型,对新疆"96.7"洪水灾害中乌鲁木齐、塔城、博州、哈密、喀什和克州6个城市的灾情进行评价。结果表明:乌鲁木齐和塔城的洪水灾情被评估为重灾;博州、哈密、喀什和克州的洪水灾情被评估为中灾。这些评价结果与集对分析(SPA)理论、贝叶斯随机评价方法、灰色关联法和脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)模型评价结果完全一致。     

洪灾综合风险的结构特征分析

洪灾风险研究从单一风险转向综合风险,将是防洪减灾理论发展的必然趋势,而结构特征分析则是洪灾综合风险研究的首要任务。首先,应用灾害学的研究理论探讨洪水灾害的风险性,建立由致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的脆弱绝对性、承灾体易损相对性及用于洪灾风险宏观评价的灾情损失评估所组成的洪灾风险分析的宏观结构,并给出了相应的量化途径;其次,从模型分析的角度,分析了由洪水风险、防洪工程风险、防洪投资风险、洪泛区风险、洪水生态环境风险和防洪决策风险6个方面组成的洪灾综合风险特征,构建以洪水为中心的洪灾风险链的微观结构,并应用概率论方法,给出了相应的量化概念模型;最后,对洪灾综合风险的结构进行了系统分析。     

Social dimensions of science–humanitarian collaboration: lessons from Padang,Sumatra, Indonesia

This paper contains a critical exploration of the social dimensions of the science–humanitarian relationship. Drawing on literature on the social role of science and on the social dimensions of humanitarian practice, it analyses a science–humanitarian partnership for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia, an area threatened by tsunamigenic earthquakes. The paper draws on findings from case study research that was conducted between 2010 and 2011. The case study illustrates the social processes that enabled and hindered collaboration between the two spheres, including the informal partnership of local people and scientists that led to the co‐production of earthquake and tsunami DRR and limited organisational capacity and support in relation to knowledge exchange. The paper reflects on the implications of these findings for science–humanitarian partnering in general, and it assesses the value of using a social dimensions approach to understand scientific and humanitarian dialogue.     

Trust via disasters: the case of Chile's 2010 earthquake

Chile has a long‐standing history of natural disasters and, in particular, earthquakes. The latest big earthquake hit Chile on 27 February 2010 with a magnitude of 8.8 on the Richter scale. As an event that had a profound impact on significant portions of the population, the earthquake could theoretically have served to build trust by promoting new trust networks through the enhancement of distant family ties and the interaction between affected neighbours. This study offers an empirical analysis of this theory in the Chilean case. It finds that if initial social capital is very low (thus allowing for post‐disaster looting and violence), then the impact of the trust‐increasing effect is smaller. It also shows that the effect of the disaster was not transitory, but that it persisted and actually increased over time.     

The impact of a natural disaster on altruistic behaviour and crime

Institutional altruism in the form of a public‐sector intervention and support for victims and social altruism generated by mutual aid and solidarity among citizens constitute a coming together in a crisis. This coming together and mutual support precipitate a decrease in crime rates during such an event. This paper presents an analysis of daily fluctuations in crime during the prolonged ice storms in Quebec, Canada, in January 1998 that provoked an electrical blackout. Of particular interest are the principal crisis‐related influences on daily crime patterns. A first series of analyses examines the impact of altruistic public‐sector mobilisation on crime. A significant decline in property crime rates was noticed when cheques were distributed to crisis victims in financial need in Montérégie, and hence they were attributable to public intervention (institutional altruism). Moreover, the rate of social altruism (financial donations), which was more substantial in adjoining rather than distant regions, was inversely proportional to crime rates.     

2003年我国事故与灾害状况综述

对我国2003年的安全生产事故及自然灾害情况进行了总结和评述.包括火灾(城乡火灾、森林火灾、草原火灾)、沙尘天气、水旱灾害(干旱、暴雨洪涝、夏季高温)、农业自然灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冻害)、海洋灾害(风暴潮、赤潮、海浪、海冰、溢油)、地质灾害(地震、泥石流)等.     

Individual relocation decisions after tornadoes: a multi‐level analysis

This study examines how multi‐level factors affected individuals' relocation decisions after EF4 and EF5 (Enhanced Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale) tornadoes struck the United States in 2013. A telephone survey was conducted with 536 respondents, including oversampled older adults, one year after these two disaster events. Respondents' addresses were used to associate individual information with block group‐level variables recorded by the American Community Survey. Logistic regression revealed that residential damage and homeownership are important predictors of relocation. There was also significant interaction between these two variables, indicating less difference between homeowners and renters at higher damage levels. Homeownership diminished the likelihood of relocation among younger respondents. Random effects logistic regression found that the percentage of homeownership and of higher income households in the community buffered the effect of damage on relocation; the percentage of older adults reduced the likelihood of this group relocating. The findings are assessed from the standpoint of age difference, policy implications, and social capital and vulnerability.     

The 1970 Bhola cyclone,nationalist politics,and the subsistence crisis contract in Bangladesh

The devastating Bhola cyclone in November 1970 is credited with having triggered the political events that led to the division of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. A callous response to the disaster by the Pakistani regime resulted in a landslide electoral victory for Bengali nationalists, followed by a bitter and bloody civil war. Yet, despite its political momentousness, the Bhola cyclone has been the subject of little political analysis. This paper examines the events, arguing that its extraordinary political significance put disaster management on the nationalist agenda; the famine of 1974 confirmed its centrality, producing a social contract to protect the population against disasters and subsistence crises on which the country's acclaimed resilience to the effects of climate change rests. The Bhola cyclone also drew international attention to this neglected, little‐known region, and in general can be seen as foundational for the subsequent developmental achievements of Bangladesh.     

Remittances as aid following major sudden‐onset natural disasters

There is a general assumption, based on macroeconomic studies, that remittances will rise following major sudden‐onset natural disasters. This is confirmed by a few assessments involving country‐specific research, and usually short‐term data. This study, questioning conventional wisdom, reviewed and graphed annual and quarterly remittance flows using International Monetary Fund and World Bank data from 2000–14 for 12 countries that confronted 18 major natural disasters. It found that, regardless of event type, annual remittances rose steadily from 2000–14 except for after the 2008–09 financial crisis. Post disaster, there was a quarterly increase in the majority of cases (confirming previous research) but there was seldom an annual increase in the year of the disaster greater than the average annual increase in 2000–14. It appears that remittance senders rush to provide assistance after a natural disaster, but since their own financial situation has not changed, the immediate increase is compensated by a later decrease.     

中国监狱震害及应急预案

根据对1904～2003年我国监狱28次震害资料的收集、分析和评价,把监狱震害分为严重、中等和轻微3级;从这些震害的时序变化来看,认为监狱的震害有随时间减小的趋势。监狱作为特殊的建筑物,由于其内居住的是在押犯,因此其应急工作是地震应急的重要组成部分,对其应有许多特殊的对策。此外,还讨论了震害发生时对在押犯人的转移和管理,对在押犯受伤后的伤病处理及教育感化,注意对在押犯中不轨之徒的打击震慑以及对在应急救灾中有立功表现的在押犯予以鼓励并接受在押犯参与赈灾捐赠等问题。最后,提出了制定监狱地震应急预案的提纲。