Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale-I: theoretical considerations and model implementation

A geo-referenced environmental fate model was developed for analyzing unsteady-state dispersion and distribution of chemicals in multimedia environmental systems. Chemical transport processes were formulated in seven environmental compartments of air, canopy, surface soil, root-zone soil, vadose-zone soil, surface water, and sediment. The model assumed that the compartments were completely mixed and chemical equilibrium was established instantaneously between the sub-compartments within each compartment. A fugacity approach was utilized to formulate the mechanisms of diffusion, advection, physical interfacial transport, and transformation reactions. The governing equations of chemical mass balances in the environmental compartments were solved simultaneously to reflect the interactions between the compartments. A geographic information system (GIS) database and geospatial analysis were integrated into the chemical transport simulation to provide spatially explicit estimations of model parameters at watershed scale. Temporal variations of the environmental properties and source emissions were also considered in the parameter estimations. The outputs of the model included time-dependent chemical concentrations in each compartment and its sub-compartments, and inter-media mass fluxes between adjacent compartments at daily time steps.     

大修安全管理基本原则初探

根据大修安全管理的特点,提出了搞好大修安全管理应遵循的基本原则,并用科学观点进行了详细论述。     

五台山亚高山草甸小格局分析

用种毗连法和种小区法对五台山２４００２８００ｍ的亚高山草甸的小格局分析．结果表明：在小格局中，大部分种与优势种苔草呈正关联；小格局规模都较小，各个种趋于交错分布；不同规模的格局应用不同的分析方法，小格局不能用中格局分析方法进行研究；种小区法和种毗连法都是有效的小格局分析方法，从本文结果看前者优于后者．     

A Multiscale Landscape Approach to Predicting Bird and Moth Rarity Hotspots in a Threatened Pitch Pine–Scrub Oak Community

Abstract:  In the northeastern United States, pitch pine (  Pinus rigida Mill.)–scrub oak ( Quercus ilicifolia Wang.) communities are increasingly threatened by development and fire suppression, and prioritization of these habitats for conservation is of critical importance. As a basis for local conservation planning in a pitch pine–scrub oak community in southeastern Massachusetts, we developed logistic-regression models based on multiscale landscape and patch variables to predict hotspots of rare and declining bird and moth species. We compared predicted moth distributions with observed species-occurrence records to validate the models. We then quantified the amount of overlap between hotspots to assess the utility of rare birds and moths as indicator taxa. Species representation in hotspots and the current level of hotspot protection were also assessed. Predictive models included variables at all measured scales and resulted in average correct classification rates (optimal cut point) of 85.6% and 89.2% for bird and moth models, respectively. The majority of moth occurrence records were within 100 m of predicted habitat. Only 13% of all bird hotspots and 10% of all moth hotspots overlapped, and only a few small patches in and around Myles Standish State Forest were predicted to be hotspots for both taxa. There was no correlation between the bird and moth species-richness maps across all levels of richness ( r =−0.03, p = 0.62). Species representation in hotspots was high, but most hotspots had limited or no protection. Given the lack of correspondence between bird and moth hotspots, our results suggest that use of species-richness indicators for conservation planning may be ineffective at local scales. Based on these results, we suggest that local-level conservation planning in pitch pine–scrub oak communities be based on multitaxa, multiscale approaches.     

PREDICTION OF TWO-YEAR PEAK STREAM-DISCHARGES USING NEURAL NETWORKS1

ABSTRACT: The cascade correlation neural network was used to predict the two-year peak discharge (Q₂) for major regional river basins of the continental United States (US). Watersheds ranged in size by four orders of magnitude. Results of the neural network predictions ranged from correlations of 0.73 for 104 test data in the Souris-Red Rainy river basin to 0.95 for 141 test data in California. These results are improvements over previous multilinear regressions involving more variables that showed correlations ranging from 0.26 to 0.94. Results are presented for neural networks trained and tested on drainage area, average annual precipitation, and mean basin elevation. A neural network trained on regional scale data in the Texas Gulf was comparable to previous estimates of Q₂ by regression. Our research shows Q₂ was difficult to predict for the Souris-Red Rainy, Missouri, and Rio Grande river basins compared to the rest of the US, and acceptable predictions could be made using only mean basin elevation and drainage areas of watersheds.     

基于DEA的陕西省环境治理效率分析研究

借助于数据包络分析方法（DEA）对陕西省2002年-2009年的环境治理效率进行分析。分析结果表明,这8年陕西省环境治理技术效率的均值为0．985,其在规模效率上处于规模有效阶段的占75％,在技术效率上处于有效状态的占75％。这说明陕西省环境治理效率保持在一个较好的水平,但陕西省环境治理投入还没有充分地发挥作用,人才队伍建设水平有待提高,环境治理对经济发展和社会进步的贡献偏低。陕西省政府可采取一些措施使陕西环境治理效率进一步提高。     

Modified ADM1 for modeling free ammonia inhibition in anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge

Anaerobic acidogenic fermentation with high-solid sludge is a promising method for volatile fatty acid (VFA) production to realize resource recovery. In this study, to model inhibition by free ammonia in high-solid sludge fermentation, the anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1) was modified to simulate the VFA generation in batch, semi-continuous and full scale sludge. The ADM1 was operated on the platform AQUASIM 2.0. Three kinds of inhibition forms, e.g., simple inhibition, Monod and non-inhibition forms, were integrated into the ADM1 and tested with the real experimental data for batch and semi-continuous fermentation, respectively. The improved particle swarm optimization technique was used for kinetic parameter estimation using the software MATLAB 7.0. In the modified ADM1, the K_s of acetate is 0.025, the k_m,ac is 12.51, and the K_{I_NH3} is 0.02, respectively. The results showed that the simple inhibition model could simulate the VFA generation accurately while the Monod model was the better inhibition kinetics form in semi-continuous fermentation at pH 10.0. Finally, the modified ADM1 could successfully describe the VFA generation and ammonia accumulation in a 30 m³ full-scale sludge fermentation reactor, indicating that the developed model can be applicable in high-solid sludge anaerobic fermentation.     

聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物的合成及阻垢性能

目的研究聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物的阻垢性能。方法以聚琥珀酰亚胺为母体,以丝氨酸为接枝单体,合成出聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物(PASPSE),采用静态阻垢法分别考察了聚合时间、聚合温度、原料配比对产物阻垢性能的影响。结果聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物合成的最佳条件为聚合时间18 h、聚合温度55℃、聚琥珀酰亚胺与丝氨酸原料配比(摩尔比)为1:1。该接枝聚合物对Ca CO3垢具有良好的螯合分散作用,其Ca CO3阻垢率随温度的升高、工作时间的延长、HCO3-与Ca2+含量之比的增大而降低。在90℃高温环境下,10 mg/L PASPSE的阻垢率可达95.5%。结论在高温水系统中,PASPSE对Ca CO3垢具有较好的阻垢性能。     

Effect of scale on flame speeds of methane-air

Explosions are the main types of accidents causing casualties in underground coal mines. Research on the mechanisms of gas explosions is needed as a basis for the development of techniques and strategies for explosion prevention, suppression, and mitigation. The prevention of loss in explosion accidents and inquiries into their causes require understanding of the explosion process of methane in air. Because of the high cost and safety issues in full scale experiments, the experiments with small scale ducts have become a key alternative approach. Whether the experimental results at small scales agree with those at full scales needs to be investigated to validate the significance of the experimental results at small scale. Numerical simulation was used to obtain the explosion characteristics of a methane-air mixture in a gallery or duct. If the grid size is too fine in the numerical simulation for a methane-air explosion it is difficult to calculate using the present computer resource. If the grid size is too coarse, the considerable error may result. The effect of grid size on results of calculation depends on the scenario being investigated. The effect of grid sizes on simulation accuracy was analyzed in this work. The overpressure and temperature distributions and the flame propagation for the deflagration of methane-air mixtures in a gallery or duct were obtained by the AutoReaGas code at three different scales. The geometry of investigated objects and the grids in the calculation domain were similar in the three cases. The calculated overpressures vary with the scale. The calculated temperatures do not vary with the scale for the three cases.     

河南省入境旅游市场时空演变规律研究

在分析河南省入境旅游市场发展现状的基础上,应用地理集中指数、亲景度和竞争态三种市场指标体系和EXCEL统计软件对河南入境旅游客源市场进行分析,揭示了河南入境旅游市场时空演替规律.据此划分河南入境旅游的重点市场、主要市场、潜在市场和机会市场,并提出了进一步拓展河南入境旅游客源市场的几点建议.