黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程的尺度适应性

黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度植被减沙方程是分析黄土高原植被变化产沙效应的有效工具,其在不同空间尺度的适应性对于黄河水沙情势变化研究十分重要。运用数值试验方法,研究黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程在小流域、子流域和栅格等3种空间尺度的适应性。结果显示,黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程在各空间尺度的总体估算偏差（D）由小到大排序为小流域（D=52.26%）<子流域（D=60.07%）<栅格（D=92.17%）,纳什效率系数（NSE）由大到小排序为小流域（0.21）>子流域（-0.31）>栅格（-0.80）。可见,黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度植被减沙方程在约500 km²以上的流域单元较为适用,在500 km²以下的子流域和栅格单元不适用。该研究成果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程的推广应用提供参考。     

河北省气溶胶标高时空变化及其成因

以2012年河北省20个监测站的MODIS AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)和近地面水平能见度数据为基础,应用Peterson 模型和高斯模型,计算气溶胶标高月均值年内变化模型系数;应用全微分近似计算原理,构建了气溶胶标高时空变化的成因模型.结果表明:①全省平均气溶胶标高以夏季最高,为3.298 km;春、秋季次之,分别为2.864和2.284 km;冬季最低,为1.597 km. 全省气溶胶标高空间分布以夏季地域差异最显著,最大值为3.193 km;冬季地域差异最小,最大值为1.487 km. ②在全省尺度上,大气颗粒物排放强度和大气边界层高度每变化1%时,将会引致气溶胶标高分别变化0.577%和0.143%,二者对气溶胶标高变化的贡献率分别为80.1%和19.9%;在省内6个次级区域尺度上,大气颗粒物排放强度越大的区域,大气边界层高度对气溶胶标高的贡献率越大,如冀中南平原、沧州沿海平原和冀东平原的贡献率分别达到63.7%、57.8%、54.2%;反之则贡献率较低,如冀中平原、冀西北山区和冀东北山区的贡献率则分别仅为45.4%、32.6%、8.6%.      

利用酵母菌处理高浓度味精废水的连续小试

利用批量实验对从高浓度味精废水中筛选出的一组酵母菌混合菌群进行了脱氢酶活性(DHA)测试.结果表明用该菌群对COD、硫酸根和氨氮均接近20000mg/L的味精离交尾液进行处理时,其DHA值在前36h高于对离交尾液稀释液的处理,说明高浓度氨氮和硫酸盐对酵母菌活性的影响不显著.利用接种了该酵母菌群的生物接触氧化反应器对味精废水进行的连续小试处理结果表明,COD容积负荷2.0～14.3kg/(m³·d)时,COD去除率稳定在80%以上;适当地补充磷源有利于维持稳定的处理效果对出水pH值和C     

林区锅炉结垢的原因及防止措施

对锅炉结垢的原因进行了分析，并提出了相应的解决措施。     

平煤集团煤与瓦斯突出强度预测的模糊综合评判

依据平煤集团历年煤与瓦斯突出事例的统计数据,应用7±2心理极限概念,合理选定模糊评判因素集,采用层次分析法确定各因素对突出强度的贡献度权重;采用定性数据定量化理论建立了各因素隶属于大型突出、中型突出和小型突出的隶属度;采用二级模糊综合评判方法和“加权平均型”评判数学模型,在国内外首次建立了煤与瓦斯突出强度预测模糊综合评判方法,按最大隶属度判别准则实现对突出强度的定量预测。对平煤集团91次突出事例突出强度预测验证表明,验证正确率为94 .5 % ,说明提出的煤与瓦斯突出强度预测方法在技术上是可行的,对突出矿井煤与瓦斯突出预测具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆市中小型企业实现规模经济的举措

中小型企业要在激烈的市场竞争中占据主动并获取良好的经济效益,实现规模经济是较佳的选择,其途径是内在规模和外在规模同时并举.基于此,通过对重庆市中小型企业的现状特点分析,认为实现规模经济不但能增强企业的市场竞争力,而且还能为重庆市创造更多的就业机会,并在转移农村剩余劳动力、推动城镇化建设等方面具有重要的现实意义.     

URBAN IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL STREAM CONDITION: EFFECTS OF SPATIAL SCALE,CONNECTIVITY, AND LONGITUDINAL TRENDS1

ABSTRACT: An assessment of physical conditions in urban streams of the Puget Sound region, coupled with spatially explicit watershed characterizations, demonstrates the importance of spatial scale, drainage network connectivity, and longitudinal downstream trends when considering the effects of urbanization on streams. A rapid stream assessment technique and a multimetric index were used to describe the physical conditions of multiple reaches in four watersheds. Watersheds were characterized using geographic information system (GIS) derived landscape metrics that represent the magnitude of urbanization at three spatial scales and the connectivity of urban land. Physical conditions, as measured by the physical stream conditions index (PSCI), were best explained for the watersheds by two landscape metrics: quantity of intense and grassy urban land in the subwatershed and quantity of intense and grassy urban land within 500 m of the site (R²= 0.52, p > 0.0005). A multiple regression of PSCI with these metrics and an additional connectivity metric (proximity of a road crossing) provided the best model for the three urban watersheds (R²= 0.41, p > 0.0005). Analyses of longitudinal trends in PSCI within the three urban watersheds showed that conditions improved when a stream flowed through an intact riparian buffer with forest or wetland vegetation and without road crossings. Results demonstrate that information on spatial scale and patterns of urbanization is essential to understanding and successfully managing urban streams.     

不同时间尺度气候变化的分维研究

探讨了从一维时间序列中提取气候分维的方法，计算了不同时间尺度气候变化的分数维，并讨论了维数与气候变化的相关系。     

铁路运输生产规模与运输安全投入的关系分析

适应运输对象对运输量和运输安全的需求，应保证一定的铁路运输生产规模和运输安全投入。文章论述了两者的概念和内容以及它们在数量和时间上的关系     

AN OBJECTWE TEST FOR HYDROLOGIC SCALE1

ABSTRACT: Improving the reliability of parametric hydrologic models (sometimes called cenceptual rainfall-runoff models) in the continuous simulation of runoff from ungaged catchments has been frustrated by difficulties in estimating model parameters from catchment characteristics. An underlying problem is that these models use parameters to represent catchments as a whole, whereas data on catchment characteristics are collected at multiple field locations and are difficult to transform into one measure of collective impact. Subdividing the catchment and calibrating a stochastic parametric model to estimate distributions for the parameters that covered the range of observed streamflow values was found to improve the simulations. This paper presents an optimization of the amount of subdivision to use in simulation with a version of the Stanford Watershed Model using available climatological data. The calibration process assumes that catchment heterogeneity introduces errors that can be reduced by calibrating parameters as spatial distributions rather than single values. Calibrations for three diverse small gaged catchments located in California and in Virginia found the optimal number of subdivisions to range from 4 to 25 and the optimal scale to range from 0.3 to 2.1 mi².