工业废水排放变化的因素分解与减排效果

在描述中国工业废水排放量、经济增长、经济空间结构和工业废水排放强度的基础上,运用无残差的完全分解模型进行量化分析,分解出1981～2006年间经济增长、空间结构和排放强度对工业废水排放量变化的影响效果,并进一步利用H-P滤波方法对这一时期工业废水减排效果进行了估计.结果表明：① 工业废水排放量年均增长0.25×10⁸　t,其中由经济增长、排放强度、空间结构引起的变化分别为25.9×10⁸　t、 －25.5×10⁸　t、 －0.16×10⁸　t; ② 1981～2006年中国工业废水累计减少排放641.8×10⁸　t,同时受国家宏观经济政策的影响,减排缺口处于波动之中,但总减排缺口大于0,说明实际减排量高于潜在减排量;③ H-P滤波分析所得到的潜在减排率在研究期内呈先上升后下降的趋势;④ 综合来看,我国在1982～1990年及1997～2006年工业发展表现为高污染型,1991～1996年表现为低污染型.     

简易干法烟气脱硫技术的试验研究

为了开发研究低投资,低成本的脱硫方法,在研制高活性多孔脱硫剂的过程中,研究了各种因素的影响,并对脱硫剂进行物化特性的表征。脱硫剂比表面积可达４１ｍ＾２／ｇ,粒径分布：０－１μｍ占２４．１％．－１０－２０μｍ占２０．１％;２０－４０μｍ占２９．０％,４０μｍ－６０μｍ占１０．３％。实验室小试,用固定床反应器模拟研究干法烟气脱硫反应过程,烟气相对湿度,脱硫剂比表面积,反应温度等为影响脱硫剂与ＯＳ２反应     

城市环境综合整治最优规划模型和应用

本文是将大规模系统数学规则方法应用于城市环境综合规划的探索。通过建立耦合模块把水环境保护,大气环境保护,固体废弃物管理以及经济发展、能源、资源利用等有机地结合在一起,实现了各环境要素真正的综合规划,而不是简单的线性迭加,实例研究定量地考证了水环境和大气环境污染控制之间的相关性,从理论和实践两个方面证实城市环境综合规划的必要性。      

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅳ. 电子废物不当回收地区流域水体沉积物的重金属污染

为了解电子废物不当处置活动对小流域内水体沉积物金属污染的影响,采集了位于广东省清远市龙塘镇和石角镇的电子废物焚烧和酸解活动核心区内水塘和水库的0～40cm沉积物以及附近河流大燕河表层(0～5cm)沉积物样本,分析了样本中的金属(水塘、水库:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr;大燕河:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mg、Mn)含量.作为对照,对珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中的5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr)含量也进行了分析.结果表明,1)在核心区内,5种重金属的平均含量在接近酸解作坊的水塘沉积物中呈Cu(766.16mg·kg-1)>Zn(181.12mg·kg-1)>Pb(129.56mg·kg-1)>Cr(1.89mg·kg-1)≈Cd(1.12mg·kg-1),在其下游的水库沉积物中呈现相同的规律,但水塘沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb含量均高于水库.水塘、水库沉积物重金属含量分布规律明显不同于伶仃洋沉积物,与伶仃洋沉积物相比,核心区水体沉积物Cu含量特别高,是伶仃洋沉积物的7～17倍,Pb和Cd则分别是伶仃洋的2.3～3.0倍和1.9～2.4倍,Zn、Cr含量与伶仃洋沉积物相近.2)Zn含量在核心区水体沉积物中均呈现出在20.0～30.0cm深度最高的趋势,Cu、Pb含量在水库沉积物中也有类似的表现,说明该深度的沉积物可能是电子废物回收处置活动最频繁的时期形成的,近年来随着政府取缔工作的加强,电子废物非法处置活动的减少,Zn、Cu、Pb含量有明显的下降.3)大燕河沉积物中6种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni)的总含量表现为中游下段(1261.3mg·kg-1)>中游中段(1049.2mg·kg-1)>中游上段(401.8mg·kg-1)>上游(364.6mg·kg-1)>下游(215.4mg·kg-1).Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量均在中游下段的沉积物中出现最大值,次大值出现在中游中段,Ni、Cd在中游中段出现最大值,次大值出现在中游下段.中游中、下段沉积物中金属含量最大值和其上游(或中游上段)河段含量最低值的比值呈现Cu(10.1)>Cr(7.8)>Zn(3.8)>Cd(2.0)>Pb(1.9)>Ni(1.8),显示这些重金属主要从中游中、下段进入大燕河沉积物,其中Cu污染最为严重,而Cr污染可能与水土流失或当地其他活动释放的Cr有关.4)比较流域内土壤和各种沉积物以及伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的构成比例发现,核心区土壤和沉积物以及大燕河沉积物中的重金属具有明显的同源性.随着离源区距离的增加,重金属的构成比例中最明显的变化是Cu的比例下降以及Zn的比例上升。     

多种方法测量全国辐射环境监测质量考核样对比研究

介绍了有源效率刻度法及实验室γ谱无源效率刻度系统(LabSOCS)在样品活度浓度分析中的原理,利用多型号低本底高纯锗γ谱仪,通过生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心(下称技术中心)提供的沉降物考核样品,进行了两种分析方法的对比分析,对LabSOCS软件可靠性进行验证并对比不同型号探测器性能.两种方法所得核素活度浓度结果与技术...     

Antecedents and consequences of collective psychological ownership: The validation of a conceptual model

We investigate team member feelings of collective psychological ownership (CPO) over teamwork products, the psychological paths that lead to it, and its impact on team workers' evaluations of team effectiveness, turnover intentions, and intentions to champion teamwork products. We focus on the teamwork product as an important target of ownership feelings, building on theories of self-extension, psychological ownership, and team emergent states. In Study 1, we validate measures for three ownership activating experiences (OAE) that have been proposed as paths to CPO (control over, intimate knowledge regarding, and investment in the teamwork product) using two samples of individual team workers (n = 210 and n = 140). In Study 2 (n = 183) and Study 3 (n = 200), we use surveys and a multiwave design to show that team workers' feelings of CPO mediate the relationship between investment in and intimate knowledge regarding the product and team effectiveness evaluations, team turnover intentions, and intentions to champion the work product. In Study 4 (n = 48 teams), CPO was predicted by the ownership activating experiences, at the team level. This research additionally highlights the benefits to organizations of creating conditions for the emergence of employee feelings of shared ownership over teamwork products.     

MSWI BA treated with Advanced Dry Recovery: a field scale study on materials’ leaching properties

In many European countries, the environmental properties of waste-derived aggregates are mostly assessed based on laboratory leaching tests such as the standardised percolation tests CEN/TS/14405, ISO/TS 21268-3, or DIN 19528. These tests are conducted under specified conditions, which are similar yet somewhat different from realistic field conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the leaching properties of ADR (Advanced Dry Recovery) recovered MSWI BA in the field in order to understand more about its environmental impacts in actual civil engineering structures. Two field scale studies (a lysimeter and a larger interim storage field study) were constructed and the leachate quality was investigated. These results were then complemented with the results of previously conducted laboratory leaching tests using a liquid to solid ratio (L kg^?1) comparison. The results demonstrated that the leaching behaviours of many potentially harmful substances, such as chloride, copper and antimony, was similar despite the study scale. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of investigating the leaching properties of waste-derived aggregates on a larger scale, even though the uncertainties in such studies may not be easily controlled.     

重庆市不同空间尺度建设用地演进特征与景观格局分析

研究不同空间尺度下城市土地利用的演变过程和变化特征,有助于深入了解和揭示城市土地利用演变时空差异和内在影响机制。以重庆市主城区为例,基于研究区1978~2013年多时序的MSS和Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用Arc GIS技术和景观格局分析理论,从研究区整体尺度、区域尺度和各区尺度等3种空间尺度对研究区建设用地演进特征和景观格局动态变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)1978~2013年研究区不同空间尺度建设用地面积变化趋势基本相似,综合扩展程度指数变化特征也存在一定的规律。在2001年之后研究区建设用地演进过程由低缓发展向高速递增阶段过渡,各区尺度建设用地扩展深受地貌、经济、政策、交通等影响因素的干扰;(2)在不同空间尺度新增斑块数目对比中,边缘扩展模式与跳跃扩展模式的主导优势先后发生3次转换,而在新增斑块面积比对比中边缘扩展模式始终保持绝对优势,填充扩展模式分别在新增斑块数目和面积比的比较中均处于弱势;(3)随着时间的变化,就整体尺度上景观指数变化而言,景观破碎度和景观多样性明显增加,斑块形状趋于简单和规则化,斑块之间连通性不断提高,与城市化进程趋于吻合。但区域尺度和各区尺度深受国家政策环境的影响,景观指数变化则相对复杂。研究结论有助于从空间尺度对城市扩展信息进行挖掘和理解,为其城市规划和土地管理提供一定的科学依据。     

N,N-二膦酰基甲基牛磺酸的制备与阻垢缓蚀性能

以牛磺酸、甲醛和三氯化磷为原料制备了N,N-二膦酰基甲基牛磺酸（BPMT）。探讨了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对BPMT质量的影响,考察了BPMT的阻垢缓蚀性能,并与N,N-二膦酰基甲基氨基磺酸、N,N-二膦酰基甲基氨基甲磺酸、丙烯酸／2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、2-膦酸基-1,2,4-三羧基丁烷等进行了比较。实验结果表明,当n（牛磺酸）：n（三氯化磷）：n（甲醛）=1：2：4、反应温度110℃、反应时间2h时,BPMT的质量较好。BPMT的阻碳酸钙垢和稳定锌的性能优于其他阻垢剂,阻磷酸钙垢和分散氧化铁的性能仅次于丙烯酸／2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸。当BPMT加入量为40mg／L时,缓蚀效果最好。     

A More Cost-Effective Emap Benthic Macrofaunal Sampling Protocol

Benthic macrofaunal sampling protocols in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) are to collect 30 to 50 random benthic macrofauna [defined as animals retained on a 0.5 mm (East and Gulf Coasts, USA) or a 1.0 mm mesh sieve (West Coast, USA)] samples per reporting unit using a 0.044 m² (East and Gulf Coasts) or 0.1 m² (West Coast) grab. Benthic macrofaunal community conditions in the reporting unit are characterized by cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) on end points of interest, such as number of species (S), abundance (A), and Shannon--Wiener diversity (H′). An EMAP and a companion field study were conducted concurrently in Tillamook Bay (Oregon, USA) to compare the cost effectiveness of benthic macrofauna samples collected using the EMAP West Coast (0.1 m² × ≥7 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh), a 0.01 m² × 5 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh, and a 0.01 m² × 5 cm deep, 0.5 mm mesh sampling protocol. Cost was estimated in relative laboratory sample-processing time. Sampling protocols were judged equally effective for EMAP purposes if, after linear transformation to adjust for scale changes in end point distributions, their S, A, and H′ CDFs were not significantly different. The 0.01 m² × 5 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh sampling protocol was the most cost effective.