EMPHASIS ON DISTRIBUTION: STRATEGIES FOR SMALL SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND1

This paper discusses strategies for the development of water resources, emphasizing the delivery of reliable water supplies, for both domestic and production purposes, to every village and to every farmer. This necessitates a shift of emphasis from the construction of large storage reservoirs to the construction, operation, and maintenance of water distribution systems capable of reaching the largest number of farms, and a shift from projects that benefit the few, to projects that benefit the many. Water distribution in this context takes on three interrelated meanings: a geographical meaning, a technical meaning, and an economic meaning. The geographical meaning focuses on the spatial distribution of the recipient population as a key to identifying the proper distribution of water projects in physical space. The technical meaning relates to the physical distribution of water through canal systems to the farmers' fields. The economic meaning refers to the equitable distribution of benefits from water projects. The paper provides an illustration of the need for an emphasis on distribution, using the state of development of water resources in northeast Thailand as an example, with a proposed program for the further development of these resources. The northeast, the poorest region in the country, has been recognized by the Government of Thailand as a priority area for accelerated regional development efforts.     

SCALE PROBLEMS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATION1

ABSTRACT The problems encountered in estimating scale parameters in interdisciplinary watershed research are discussed. Meteorology, hydrology, geology and water quality are discussed with respect to their individual strengths and weaknesses when applied to different scale problems. Areas where incompatibilities exist are pointed out and suggestions are made for effecting compromise. A watershed scale of roughly a hundred acres may be the scale at which all disciplines can effect optimum interaction.     

地铁十字换乘车站全尺寸实验研究:I.站厅火灾

为了全面了解在不同通风模式下地铁十字换乘车站站厅火灾发展规律,通过在8A编组地铁十字换乘车站公共站厅层开展1 MW规模的全尺寸火灾实验,对不同通风模式下换乘地铁车站站厅层公共区火灾场景下的烟气前锋到达时间、烟气扩散与沉降范围和楼扶梯处温度等参数进行分析研究。研究结果表明:在换乘线路A线站厅层发生火灾时,受到出入口自然风以及站厅层空间结构的影响,站厅内形成了由站厅北侧向南侧方向的风压,有效抑制了烟气向B线站厅扩散;通风排烟系统能够有效降低烟气扩散速率,控制烟气扩散范围和沉降高度;针对此类结构车站站厅的防排烟设计,应综合考虑通风、出入口位置和空间构筑物对火灾烟气扩散的影响,确保火灾过程中人员疏散路径和楼扶梯处烟气层高度和烟气温度处于安全水平。     

钢筋混凝土柱温度场试验研究

研究钢筋混凝土柱在升温、降温加热曲线作用下的截面温度场分布。完成了1根边长700mm方形钢筋混凝土柱的四面受火温度场试验,加热曲线升温段为ISO-834标准升温曲线,降温段为随炉冷却降温曲线。试验过程中测得了柱截面内不同位置的温度变化。建立有限元模型对试验结果进行了模拟分析。结果表明:方形柱截面内不同位置的升温速率、降温速率受其距受火面距离影响较大;截面内距离受火面越远的位置,升温滞后现象越明显;在ISO-834标准升温和随炉降温加热曲线作用下,当方形柱的截面边长大于等于700mm时,柱截面内的温度分布可反映大截面尺寸钢筋混凝土柱在火灾升、降温阶段的温度分布变化。     

The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS): A self‐report instrument measuring ageism in the workplace

The Workplace Intergenerational Climate Scale (WICS) is designed to measure employees' attitudes and perceptions about workers of different ages in the workplace. In Study 1, an initial 18‐item measure was developed, reflecting five subscales: Intergenerational Contact, Workplace Intergenerational Retention, Positive Intergenerational Affect, Workplace Generational Inclusiveness, and Lack of Generational Stereotypes. Scores on the five WICS subscales were linked to workplace mentoring, opinions about older workers, and job satisfaction. In Study 2, the WICS items and subscales were further refined, and subscale relationships with similar constructs were explored via structural equation modeling. In Study 3, a more occupationally diverse sample was used to support criterion, incremental, discriminant, and external validity. Evidence supports the use of the WICS as a valid and reliable multidimensional measure of an organization's intergenerational climate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生活饮用水阻垢剂硅磷晶阻垢性能的实验研究

采用静态阻垢法对硅磷晶阻垢剂的阻垢性能进行分析,通过单因素与正交试验探讨了阻垢剂在不同加药浓度、Ca2+浓度、温度、p H等环境条件下的阻垢效果及最佳使用条件。结果表明:阻垢效果最佳组合为:加药浓度2 mg/L,Ca2+浓度300 mg/L,温度30℃,p H=8。各因素对阻垢率影响大小顺序依次为:温度加药浓度p HCa2+浓度。在此优化组合条件下,硅磷晶阻垢率最大可达95%,用于某制药厂生活饮用水的阻垢率可达94%,效果明显,具有良好的阻垢性能。     

Stainless steel corrosion scale formed in reclaimed water: Characteristics, model for scale growth and metal element release

Stainless steels generally have extremely good corrosion resistance, but are still susceptible to pitting corrosion. As a result, corrosion scales can form on the surface of stainless steel after extended exposure to aggressive aqueous environments. Corrosion scales play an important role in affecting water quality. These research results showed that interior regions of stainless steel corrosion scales have a high percentage of chromium phases. We reveal the morphology, micro-structure and physicochemical characteristics of stainless steel corrosion scales. Stainless steel corrosion scale is identified as a podiform chromite deposit according to these characteristics, which is unlike deposit formed during iron corrosion. A conceptual model to explain the formation and growth of stainless steel corrosion scale is proposed based on its composition and structure. The scale growth process involves pitting corrosion on the stainless steel surface and the consecutive generation and homogeneous deposition of corrosion products, which is governed by a series of chemical and electrochemical reactions. This model shows the role of corrosion scales in the mechanism of iron and chromium release from pitting corroded stainless steel materials. The formation of corrosion scale is strongly related to water quality parameters. The presence of HClO results in higher ferric content inside the scales. Cl⁻ and SO₄^2 − ions in reclaimed water play an important role in corrosion pitting of stainless steel and promote the formation of scales.     

油田水平井合金防垢器研制与效果评价

目的探寻合金防垢在某油田的适用性。方法利用设计的模拟试验装置,以防垢效果为评价指标,优选出作为合金防垢器核心部件合金扇形片的元素配比,设计并研制扇形合金片螺旋排列结构的串联式合金防垢器,选择油田的油井进行5个月的现场试验。结果地层水中的钙镁离子质量浓度提高了260%,防垢率较化学阻垢提高了76%。结论该合金防垢器防垢效果较好。     

Complex dynamics in the uptake of new farming practices: a case study for organic waste application

Adverse environmental effects of intensive agriculture, together with scarcity in phosphates and water, urge farmers to find more sustainable practices. An example of such a sustainable practice is on-farm processing of organic waste. This paper explores three mechanisms that can lead to a widespread uptake of this technique: (1) economies of scale, (2) information sharing, and (3) adjustment of social norms. Although each of these mechanisms has been studied before, this paper provides new insights by considering the interactions that might exist between the different mechanisms when they are applied to real-life situations. Based on a pilot study, we developed a multi-criteria mathematical programming model at individual farm level. We used this model to simulate the uptake of on-farm processing of organic waste, as a result of the three mechanisms and their interactions. Our results show that each mechanism results in an increased uptake, but is not likely to cause a widespread uptake. Interaction between the mechanisms, will lead to a much higher uptake. This result suggests that simultaneous consideration of multiple mechanisms is essential to understand the behaviour of social–ecological systems.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal(SNDPR),a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale,anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch(OD),where the volumes of anaerobic zone,anoxic zone,and ditches zone of the OD system were 7,21,and 280L,respectively.The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d.The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)rate(rSND) was put forward to quantify SND.The results indicate that:(1)high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase,total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate(TP) removal rates were 80%and 85%,respectively;(2)when the system was aerated excessively,the stability of SND was damaged,and rSND dropped from 80% to 20%or less;(3)the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to MJ4 in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential (ORP);(4)when NO3- was less than 6 mg/L.high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved;(5)denitrifying phosphorus removal (DNPR) could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system.The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.