Rhetorical Recommendations Built on Ecological Experience: A Reassessment of the Challenge of Environmental Communication

This article reconsiders the challenge of environmental communication by inquiring into the fundamental rhetorical difficulty of thinking in terms of ecology. We discuss two essential yet bewildering aspects of ecology: its focus on interconnection and its use of multiple scales. On this basis, we distil six rhetorical recommendations: a shift from appealing to pre-existing values to avenues for transforming values; a shift from arguments from authority to addressing legitimate resistances; a shift from a focus on mutual agreement to a mutual bewilderment; a shift from intellectual comprehension to personal experience; a shift from negative effects to positive connections; and, finally, a shift from a focus on political results to local transformations. We experiment with this rhetorical approach through two applications: for critical reassessments of past articulations we consider the Gaia Hypothesis and Deep Ecology, and for current refinements to environmental problems we consider controversies around Marcellus Shale gas development     

天津市北辰区大气污染物小尺度精细化源排放清单

以天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km为研究对象,基于拉网式实地调查,获得该地区2016年各类典型行业污染源详细的活动水平数据,以环境保护部发布的"清单编制技术指南"为参考,建立了2016年天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km大气污染源排放清单。结果表明:2016年天津市北辰区空气站周边3 km大气污染源的排放总量PM_(10)为431.28 t、PM_(2.5)为147.94 t、SO_2为48.67 t、CO为1 395.39 t、NO_x为469.52 t、VOCs为305.66 t;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的最大排放源是工地,贡献率分别为25.49%、15.16%;SO_2的最大排放源是散煤,贡献率为49.36%;CO和NO_x的最大排放源是道路机动车,贡献率分别为45.85%、53.89%;VOCs的最大排放源是制造业企业,贡献率为48.80%。天津市北辰区改善空气质量应从控煤、控尘、控车3个方面入手。     

林业生产性服务能促进农户林地规模经营吗?--基于林地流入视角的实证分析

厘清林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营的影响,可为盘活集体林区林地资源、促进家庭林业发展提供决策参考。为考察林业生产性服务对林地规模经营的影响,首先构建了考虑林业生产性服务及林地规模的农户生产模型,通过理论分析后提出假设:林业生产性服务投入增加,将促进农户增加林地要素投入,即林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营有正向影响。其次,基于福建500份经营商品林农户调查数据,利用Double-Hurdle模型及工具变量处理选择性偏差、遗漏变量及联立因果等引起的内生性问题,实证分析林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营的影响。结果发现:不同类型的林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营影响存在差异。其中,林业信贷服务对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,正规信贷与非正规信贷分别使农户林地流入概率提升19.6%、15.9%,使农户林地流入规模分别扩大66.8%、38.5%。林业物资与技术服务仅在是否流入林地阶段对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,使农户林地流入概率提升8.9%。林业劳动力服务仅在林地流入规模阶段对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,使得农户林地流入规模扩大66.9%。林业销售服务由于买方垄断特征对农户林地规模经营有负向影响,使农户林地流入概率降低12.3%,使农户林地流入规模缩减73.2%。因而,政府应有针对地激励和规范各类林业生产性服务发展,以更好地服务于集体林区家庭林业发展。     

基于实验与仿真的三维水下气体泄漏预测与安全评估研究

水下气体羽流特性是海底气体泄漏风险评估的重要基础。为准确预测水下气体羽流行为,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,建立1种考虑气体卷吸湍流特性的三维水下气体羽流数值预测模型;采用欧拉-欧拉流体体积模型捕捉气液作用界面,以大涡模拟(LES)方式预测羽流上浮及卷吸过程中的湍流特性,从而实现对水下气体羽流行为的预测;搭建小尺度实验平台,对比仿真与实验条件下的气体羽流形态,验证数值模型的可行性及预测精度;应用建立的数值模型对工程条件下的水下气体泄漏事故进行预测和评估,以某浅层气井喷事故为例,评估水下气体羽流上浮时间、海面影响范围和涌流高度。结果表明:基于欧拉多相流与大涡模拟的数值模型对水下气体羽流预测结果与实验具有较好的吻合度,该模型能够较好捕捉羽流的湍流特性,可为水下气体泄漏羽流行为评估提供参考。     

常用有机膦酸盐静态阻垢性能对比实验研究

工业冷却水循环利用过程中,随浓缩倍数提高,循环水水质向高碱度、高硬度、高pH值和高温方向发展,结垢倾向严重.聚磷酸盐和有机膦酸盐是性能优良的钙垢抑制剂,但在高温、高浓缩倍数条件下时,有机膦酸盐类不见得均可达良好的水垢抑制效果.分别计算了氨基三亚甲基膦酸(ATMP)、羟基亚乙基二膦酰(HEDP)、2-膦酸丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTC)和六偏磷酸钠(NaPO3)6在循环水浓缩倍数为1～5倍,温度为80℃时在不同投加浓度下的阻垢率.结果表明,有机膦酸盐和聚磷均有临界值效应;有机膦酸盐的阻垢性能优于聚磷酸盐;ATMP和HEDP在低浓缩倍数下有较高的阻垢率,随着硬度、碱度、pH值的提高,阻垢率下降明显;PBTC的水垢抑制剂功效明显优于其他有机膦酸盐,PBTC可应用在较宽广的水质操作范围,增加系统的操作安全性.     

开发区外场中距离大气扩散模式对城区影响研究

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》中提出了对规划 (含开发区 )要进行环境影响评价 ,而开发区建设大多在城市近郊 ,与城区一般相距十几公里以上 ,大气环境影响评价中属中距离范围。本文分析了在复杂地形条件下中距离大气扩散模式的计算方法及其对城区的影响。     

USING FIELD SCALE MODELS TO PREDICT PEAK FLOWS ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS1

The goal of this study was to develop a methodology for generating storm hydrographs at a watershed scale based on daily runoff estimates from a field scale model. The methodology was evaluated on a small agricultural watershed using the ADAPT field scale process model. A comparison of observed and predicted peak flows for 11 of the largest events that occurred in a three year period gave r² values of 0.84, 0.82, and 0.81 when the watershed was subdivided into 1, 5, and 10 sub watersheds. However, all other statistical measures improved when the watershed was subdivided into at least five sub watersheds. Guidelines need to be developed on the use of the procedure but it first needs to be evaluated on several watersheds that exhibit a range in sizes, land uses, slopes, and soil properties.     

Sensitivity of the DERMA long-range Gaussian dispersion model to meteorological input and diffusion parameters

The Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA) is described and applied to the first ETEX experiment. By using analysed low-resolution numerical weather-prediction data from the global model of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) as well as higher-resolution data from two versions of the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM), which are operational at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), the sensitivity of DERMA to the resolution of meteorological data is analysed by comparing DERMA results with concentration measurements. Furthermore, the sensitivity to boundary-layer height and diffusion parameters is studied. These parameters include the critical bulk Richardson number, which is used to estimate the atmospheric boundary-layer height, the horizontal eddy diffusivity and the Lagrangian turbulence time scale. The parameters, which provide the best performance of DERMA, are 0.25 for the critical bulk Richardson number, 6×10³ m² s^-1 for the horizontal eddy diffusivity, and 3 h for the Lagrangian time scale. DERMA is much more sensitive to boundary-layer parameters when using high-resolution DMI-HIRLAM data than when using data of lower resolution from the ECMWF. Finally, the bulk Richardson number method of boundary-layer height calculation applied to DMI-HIRLAM data is verified directly against routine radiosondes released under the tracer gas plume. The boundary-layer height estimates based on analysed NWP model data agree well with observations, and the agreement deteriorates as a function of forecast length.     

基于相空间神经网络耦合模型的径流降尺度分析

基于混沌理论和神经网络理论,研究水文科学的尺度问题,将混沌神经网络分析方法应用于径流的降尺度分析。首先通过对年径流量分解到月径流量的分解系数的分析,证明了分解系数具有混沌特性;其次利用相空间BP神经网络模型对分解系数进行预测,并根据预测结果进行月径流量的降尺度计算。实例研究表明,用神经网络拟合分解系数相空间的相点演化非线性关系和用相空间神经网络模型对径流作降尺度分析是可行的。     

PHB监测A2/O工艺除磷及负荷率耦合关系的研究

以上海市白龙港城市污水厂初沉池污水为进水,培养驯化污泥并构建A²/O试验系统,监测PHB消耗、生成的动态变化,并分析其与除磷和BOD₅负荷率的耦合关系.结果显示,曝气池中PHB的消耗与除磷呈现良好的正相关关系(p<0.05),平均消耗约140 mg左右的PHB可去除1 mg P;厌氧池中PHB的生成与释磷存在着极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),平均释放1.17 mg的磷可生成约100 mg的PHB;厌氧池中PHB的含量与系统F/M的正相关性显著(p<0.05),负荷为0.176 g/(g·d)较负荷0.413 g/(g·d)下PHB的生成量平均减少约4　mg/g(以MLSS计);PHB的合成与厌氧池中BOD₅的去除量的相关性较差(p>0.05),但与温度呈极为显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),温度的升高有助于微生物合成PHB,最高温度(33.2℃)比最低温度(17.1℃)活性污泥中PHB含量约增加5　mg/g(以MLSS计),占总量的20%左右.