密云水库上游流域不同尺度景观特征对水质的影响

选取北京市饮用水源地——密云水库上游流域为研究区,采用空间分析、冗余分析与多元线性回归等多种方法,识别不同空间尺度及季节变化下景观格局与水质的相关关系.研究结果表明,研究区河流水质与流域景观特征显著相关,景观变量能够解释水质变异的58%.子流域面积对水质的影响最大,其他影响变量依次为居民用地比例、林地比例及聚集度指数.季节性流量变化与人为活动的强度对景观与水质关系有很大的影响;雨季前景观对水质的影响最弱,雨季中景观对水质的解释能力最强,雨季后景观对水质的影响减弱,略大于雨季前.岸边带尺度景观对于水质的解释能力要大于流域尺度.通过比较50m,100m,150m,300m4个尺度岸边带景观对水质的影响,发现100m宽岸边带内景观与水质关系最为显著.研究结果对岸边缓冲带的设计及水污染的控制具有指导意义.     

基于冗余分析的城市河湖水污染成因及尺度效应

以武汉中心城区的东沙湖流域为研究对象,以7项下垫面及3项降雨因子为影响因子,以18项河湖水环境因子为响应变量,基于冗余分析研究多尺度下两者之间的关系.结果表明：在所研究的10项影响因子中,硬质铺装面积率和河网水面率是东沙湖流域城市河湖水环境的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.703和0.652,城市道路面积率则是3000m及以外缓冲区尺度下的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.796,降雨的空间分布不是主要影响因子,贡献率低于0.371;影响因子对水环境影响的尺度效应与排水管网的有无和水文汇水单元尺度的大小密切相关;东沙湖流域的河湖水污染可归因于以硬质铺装为代表的不透水面上的面源污染和经由排水管网运移排放的点源污染,河网水面率则是改善水环境的关键因素.     

UASB反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用UASB中试（100m^3／d）对生活污水处理进行了研究。试验结果表明，采用此系统处理生活污水，出水水质良好。COD的去除率在52％-83％，出水的COD值〈100mg／L以下，SS的去除率在95％左右，UASB处理生活污水的最佳停留时间为6h。产气率在0．1m^3／d。不管停留时间在10h、5h，出水的氨氮、乙酸值比进水的高；钙、镁、总氮、总磷、硫酸根和硝酸根离子出水值比进水值低。     

清洁汽车燃料-LPG在化油器发动机上的应用研究

减少汽车尾气对环境造成的污染已是全球性的关注热点，本文通过发动机台架试验，研究了清洁汽车燃料－LPG在化油器发动机上的使用情况，试验结果表明，含炳烷75％的LPG在所采用的试验燃料中不但具有良好的动力性能，而且具有良好的消耗性能和排放性能。     

Seabirds as Indicators of Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological Monitoring on Machias Seal Island

Changes in marine ecosystems can be manifested in many different ways, on different temporal and spatial scales. Seabirds are top consumers in marine foodwebs and offer opportunities to detect and assess the biological effects of changes in physical parameters (sea-surface temperature [SST], salinity, depth of thermocline etc.) of the marine ecosystem. We compare six-eight years' of data on the biology (diet, and breeding success) of four species of seabird (arctic tern Sterna paradisaeaand common tern S. hirundo, which feed at the sea surface; and Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda, which dive 30–60 m for their prey) breeding on Machias Seal Island (MSI) in the Bay of Fundy with both our own meteorological and oceanographic measurements, and with standard measurements from conventional sources. These are compared with fisheries data on changes in the main prey of all the seabirds concerned (juvenile or 0-group herring Clupea harengus) which are the most direct link between the seabirds and the physical properties of the marine system. We explore relationships between seabird productivity and diet, and other aspects of both herring biology (larval surveys, and fat content) and oceanography (SST data from the island, and remotely sensed data from the entrance to the Bay of Fundy). Timing of laying by puffins followed SST variation at neither the local (MSI) nor regional scales, but at the scale of the North Atlantic, following the trend of populations breeding off northern Norway. The proportion of herring in the diet of terns over 6 years varied inversely with herring larval abundance the previous fall; this relationship was not statistically significant in the puffin and razorbill. A major new finding is the considerable (50%) inter-annual variation in the energy density (fat content) of juvenile herring that are the main seabird prey; breeding success of both species of tern varied in parallel with the energy density of juvenile herring in the diet until the last two years of the study, when sandlance (Ammodytes sp.) and euphausid shrimp predominated in the diet. Our long-term research approach combines traditional population monitoring (of numbers of breeding birds) with demographic, behavioural and environmental monitoring, to provide new understanding of the marine ecosystem as well as of seabirds.     

纳氏比色法测定氨氮的改进

减少显色剂中ＨｇＣｌ２，ＫＩ的含量，以聚乙烯醇做胶体稳定剂，显著提高了显色剂的稳定度和显色的稳定度，以ＫＯＨ和酒石酸做缓冲液，保持恒定的显色碱度，同时也隐蔽了金属离子的干扰，从而大大降低了空白吸光度和检测限。废水予处理，通过条件实验，确定了稀释比，稀释水样用絮凝沉淀法或蒸馏法处理，蒸馏时用磷酸盐缓冲液，并降低硼酸吸收液的浓度，提高了回收率。     

膦基聚羧酸与其他水处理剂的协同效应研究

利用水处理剂复配体系之间的协同效应,可以提高现有水处理剂的使用效率。对次膦酸基聚丙烯酸(PCA)分别与HEDP和PAA复配后的阻垢及缓蚀性能试验结果表明,将60％的PcA与40％的HEDP、以及将80％的PCA与20％的HEDP分别复配后,在阻碳酸钙与阻硫酸钙垢作用方面均具有协同效应,将PCA与PAA复配后,在阻碳酸钙与硫酸钙垢作用方面不存在协同效应。任意质量分数的PCA与HEDP复配后均具有缓蚀协同效应,PCA与PAA复配后不存在缓蚀协同效应。     

火灾节流过程参数变化时序及其影响因素的研究

巷道火灾节流过程中各物理参数变化时序是正确模拟非稳态火灾过程和救灾决策的基础。通过实际规模的火灾试验,三维布点,自动采集数据。研究揭示:节流发生的时段为着火初期燃料挥发分的快速释放和燃烧的数分钟以内;此时,烟温小于330℃,升温速率为138℃/min,耗氧速率为3.4%/min,阻力的响应速率为8.5Pa/min;着火分支节流函数的最小值为0.83,其入口风速滞后下降速率为1.67×10-3m/s2;温度峰滞后于氧气浓度谷点、节流函数最小点和阻力峰的时间分别为1.6min,4.2min和5.6min,使用温度峰值计算最大阻力的传统方法是错误的。提出了描述节流度的定量方法,并导出了影响节流效应的因素为系统和风机特性参数、火灾发生的位置、比燃料消耗速率、火风压和热阻的方向及增长速率。     

城镇小型生活污水处理设备及其展望

介绍了我国城镇小型生活污水处理设备特点、分类和几种常用处理设备，对城镇生活污水的处理现状进行了分析，最后指出要使我国城镇生活污水能达标排放，并且能够完成我国近期污水处理的目标，研究开发具有除磷脱氮功能的小型生活污水处理设备是目前迫切需要解决的问题。     

Computer-aided classification of forest cover types from small scale aerial photography

The US National Park Service must map forest cover types over extensive areas in order to fulfill its goal of maintaining or reconstructing presettlement vegetation within national parks and monuments. Furthermore, such cover type maps must be updated on a regular basis to document vegetation changes. Computer-aided classification of small scale aerial photography is a promising technique for generating forest cover type maps efficiently and inexpensively. In this study, seven cover types were classified with an overall accuracy of 62 percent from a reproduction of a 1120,000 color infrared transparency of a conifer-hardwood forest. The results were encouraging, given the degraded quality of the photograph and the fact that features were not centered, as well as the lack of information on lens vignetting characteristics to make corrections. Suggestions are made for resolving these problems in future research and applications. In addition, it is hypothesized that the overall accuracy is artificially low because the computer-aided classification more accurately portrayed the intermixing of cover types than the hand-drawn maps to which it was compared.