南京市夏季大气气溶胶新粒子生成事件分析

研究了南京市夏季大气气溶胶数浓度的基本特征和气溶胶新粒子生成事件的形成条件及其影响因子.应用宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)和双光路差分吸收光谱仪(DOAS)对南京市2010年7月大气气溶胶数浓度谱分布和污染气体(O3、SO2和NO2)进行了观测,并结合气象要素观测数据和后向轨迹模式模拟,探讨了南京市夏季大气气溶胶新粒子生成的条件及其影响因子.结果表明,南京市夏季10～500nm气溶胶平均数浓度为1.7×104cm-3,与北美和欧洲的一些典型城市观测值相近;10～25 nm气溶胶粒子数浓度占总数浓度的比例为25%.观测期间共出现6次新粒子生成事件,通过分析发现比较稳定的风速风向、较强的太阳辐射有利于南京夏季新粒子的形成.南京夏季新粒子生成事件的相对湿度条件在50%～70%,通过后向轨迹模式模拟的结果发现偏东风或偏南风带来的海洋性洁净气团有利于新粒子的生成.南京夏季新粒子生成事件发生时,10～25 nm气溶胶数浓度与SO2的浓度呈正相关,与O3的浓度呈负相关,而与NO2的浓度相关性较差.     

LNAPL在砂质含水层中动态迁移的电阻率法监测试验研究

在海滨潮间带采集细砂,通过室内柴油泄漏模拟试验,利用自制电阻率监测系统对轻非水相液体在砂土-地下水系统垂向渗透过程进行电阻率变化动态监测;通过配制不同含油率砂土测定其静态电阻率变化规律,探讨电阻率变化的影响因素;最后取样分析测定污染含水介质稳定后含水率及含油率,对监测结果有效性进行了验证;并利用显微成像法对污染砂土进行了微观形态分析.结果表明,柴油污染砂土微观形态上胶结现象明显;柴油渗透海滨砂土过程电阻率大小同含水饱和度,比电阻率和含油饱和度之间存在良好的相关性,均可用Archie公式拟合,n值分别为2.36和0.15;通过电阻率测定可以有效估算柴油透镜体厚度;电阻率随深度的变化可以反映含油率和含水率的垂向分布.本研究为轻质油品储罐或者海上油品输运过程泄露造成的海滨砂土地下污染扩散过程监测及机制研究提供了一种有效的方法,也可为其他典型石油泄漏污染场地的电阻率法探测或监测提供参考.     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

老化过程中铜形态变化的X射线吸收精细结构谱的(XAFS)初步研究

利用X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)对老化过程中土壤中铜的分子形态进行初步表征。以硫酸铜、氧化铜和硫化铜的X射线吸收扩展边结构(EXAFS)谱为参比,对土壤样品中Cu的EXAFS谱进行拟合,得到不同老化阶段与参比物质相对应的结合态Cu的百分含量,并与连续提取法表征进行比较。XAFS分析结果表明,老化阶段土壤样品中铜的主要结合形态是CuSO_4,同时还有部分CuS,基本不含有CuO。随着时间的推移,土壤中CuSO_4百分含量呈现出下降的趋势,CuS百分含量呈现出上升的趋势。这与连续提取法研究结果中其可交换态的百分比下降,残渣态上升的趋势相似。     

曝气沉砂池除砂机理分析

针对曝气沉砂池小试装置模型,通过配砂实验对沉砂池除砂率进行统计分析,研究曝气强度与HRT对沉砂池除砂率的影响。实验结果表明,不同曝气强度下,随着HRT变化,除砂率逐渐上升,并最终趋于平衡状态;不同HRT下,曝气强度与除砂率近似呈现一定的线性关系,且随着曝气强度的增大,除砂率降低;在HRT小于1min时,砂粒的运行路径和沉降时间缩短,不利于砂粒的去除;在HRT大于1min时,其中1、3和4min,随着气水比的增加除砂率降低幅度相对较小,曝气所引起的横向环流在一定程度上有利于砂粒的沉降,而HRT为2min时,除砂率降幅却很大,这与砂粒在曝气沉砂池池体断面分布有关,即断面处旋转流速和水平流速的大小变化将影响砂粒的运动;相比曝气强度,HRT对除砂率的影响较大。     

广州市区公交车站PM_(2.5)与CO暴露水平研究

用便携式颗粒物浓度测定仪(DustTrak Model8520)和CO测定仪(Q-Trak Model8551),于2008年9月至2009年1月对广州市区11个代表性公交车站的PM2.5和CO暴露水平进行了测定。结果表明,公交车站7:00～19:00时间段PM2.5的平均浓度范围为206～348μg/m3,总体均值达288μg/m3,显示公交车站PM2.5污染问题突出;CO平均浓度范围1.5～4.0mg/m3,总体平均2.8mg/m3,有六个站点平均浓度超过了我国环境空气质量标准限值(4.0mg/m3或3.2mg/m3)。大多数站点工作日与非工作日PM2.5与CO水平差异不大,部分站点则受车流量和客流量变化影响呈现差异。同一站点PM2.5日变化特征不如CO明显,一次污染物CO变化受交通高峰影响呈双峰特征,而PM2.5水平影响因素复杂,一般白天较低,夜晚21:00出现峰值。不同站点CO与车流量未见显著相关性,表明车流量并不是决定公交站点CO水平的唯一因素,而扩散条件及公交车排放可能也是重要影响因素;与CO不同,不同站点PM2.5与车流量表现出显著相关(p0.05),可能侧面反映路面扬尘对公交车站PM2.5水平的影响和贡献。     

A detailed field-based evaluation of naphthenic acid mobility in groundwater

An anaerobic plume of process-affected groundwater was characterized in a shallow sand aquifer adjacent to an oil sands tailings impoundment. Based on biological oxygen demand measurements, the reductive capacity of the plume is considered minimal. Major dissolved components associated with the plume include HCO₃, Na, Cl, SO₄, and naphthenic acids (NAs). Quantitative and qualitative NA analyses were performed on groundwater samples to investigate NA fate and transport in the subsurface. Despite subsurface residence times exceeding 20 years, significant attenuation of NAs by biodegradation was not observed based on screening techniques developed at the time of the investigation. Relative to conservative tracers (i.e., Cl), overall NA attenuation in the subsurface is limited, which is consistent with batch sorption and microcosm studies performed by other authors. Insignificant biological oxygen demand and low concentrations of dissolved As (< 10 µg L^− 1) in the plume suggest that the potential for secondary trace metal release, specifically As, via reductive dissolution reactions driven by ingress of process-affected water is minimal. It is also possible that readily leachable As is not present in significant quantities within the sediments of the study area. Thus, for similar plumes of process-affected groundwater in shallow sand aquifers which may occur as oil sands mining expands, a reasonable expectation is for NA persistence, but minimal trace metal mobilization.     

铸型旧砂再生方法及系统设施选择

通过实例,针对某铸造分厂砂处理生产工艺落后,旧砂对车间、环境及产品质量的影响,提出了建立旧砂再生系统的技术改造方案,阐述了旧砂干法再生方法及系统设施选择,分析了砂处理后取得的环境效益和经济效益。可为中小型铸造厂提供借鉴。     

Nitrogen Budget of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem After Six-year Addition of Ammonium Sulphate in Southwest Sweden

A nitrogen (N) budget was constructed for a period of 6 years (1988–1993) in a Norway spruce stand with current deposition of 19 kg N and 22 kg S ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The stand was fertilized annually by addition of 100 kg N and 114 kg S ha⁻¹ (NS). Above and below ground biomass, litterfall, fine- root litter production, soil solution and net mineralization were measured to estimate pools, fluxes and accumulation of nitrogen. The average needle litterfall in control (C) and NS plots in 1993 was 2.2 and 2.5 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The fine root litter production prior to treatment (1987) was 4.4 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and after treatment (1993) it was 4.5 and 3.9 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in C and NS plots, respectively. Net N mineralization in the soil profile down to 50 cm was estimated to be 86 and 115 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in C and NS plots, respectively in 1992. During the treatment period the uptake of N in the needle biomass in C and NS plots was 29 and 77 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. No N was accumulated in needles of C plot where the NS plots accumulated 34 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Of the annually added inorganic N to NS plots 47% was accumulated in the above and below ground biomass and 37% in the soil. N fluxes via fine-root litter production in the C plots were much higher (54 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) than that via litterfall (29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The corresponding values in the NS plots were 65 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Most of the net N mineralization occurred in the FH layer and upper mineral soil. It is concluded that fine root litter and litterfall play an important role in the cycling of N. Despite a high N uptake the losses of N in litterfall and fine root litter resulted in an incorporation of N in soil organic matter.     

瓷土矿尾矿沙山的生态治理

以江西省星子县大排岭瓷土矿尾矿沙山的初始生态恢复进程为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,通过分析人工恢复林地、未治理迹地与自然恢复地中定居的植物物种数量、群落组成与结构来研究当地尾矿沙山生态恢复进程.结果显示,自然恢复地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构效果优于未治理迹地与人工恢复林地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构.自然恢复地植物物种中牡荆等3种植物在尾矿沙山的定居和扩散形成了具有一定组成与结构的植物群落类型,且这种群落类型稳定并符合植被演替的自然规律.这3种先锋植物可以在同类矿山尾矿沙山的植被重建与恢复中推广.