Nano-sized alumina supported palladium catalysts for methane combustion with excellent thermal stability

Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts supported on Al₂O₃ of different particle sizes were synthesized and applied in methane combustion. These catalysts were systematically characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), H₂-temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), O₂-temperature-programmed oxidation (O₂-TPO), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The characterization results indicated that nano-sized Al₂O₃ enabled the uniform dispersion of palladium nanoparticles, thus contributing to the excellent catalytic performance of these nano-sized Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Among them, Pd/Al₂O₃-nano-10 (Pd/Al₂O₃ supported by alumina with an average particle size of 10 nm) showed superior catalytic activity and stability for methane oxidation under harsh practical conditions. It maintained excellent catalytic performance for methane oxidation for 50 hr and remained stable even after harsh hydrothermal aging in 10 vol.% steam at 800°C for 16 hr. Characterization results revealed that the strong metal-support interactions and physical barriers provided by Al₂O₃-nano-10 suppressed the coalescence ripening of palladium species, and thus contributed to the superior sintering resistance of the Pd/Al₂O₃-nano-10 catalyst.     

安徽安庆铜矿床硫的来源及转换机制

安庆铜矿床的硫同位素组成复杂．不能用单一硫源或物理化学条件的变化来解释。本文依据区域成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征，研究了硫从硫源地质体转移到成矿热液中的六种可能机理（模型），并确定了矿床的硫源。     

油藏地球化学研究的理论基础与发展趋势

油藏地球化学是一个新兴的地球化学分支学科,是传统的有机和无机地球化学与油藏工程紧密结合的产物。其产生对油气勘探和开发起着重要的作用。本文从油藏非均质性、充注史和流体-岩石相互作用三个方面论述了油藏地球化学研究的理论基础,并简要总结了油藏地球化学近年来的长足发展以及产生的一些新兴研究内容。     

“大气十条”实施对2013—2017年大气气溶胶-辐射相互作用的影响

为应对严重的大气污染问题，我国于2013年颁布并实施了严格的《大气污染防治行动计划》（"大气十条"）.本研究利用在线耦合的区域大气化学传输模型WRF-Chem进行数值模拟，研究了2013—2017年"大气十条"实施期间大气气溶胶-辐射相互作用（Aerosol-Radiation Interaction，ARI）强度的变化及其对空气质量的影响，并量化分析了排放和气象条件变化对气溶胶-辐射相互作用强度变化和空气质量改善的相对贡献.研究发现，"大气十条"实施后ARI对PM_2.5质量浓度的增强效应明显减弱，ARI效应的减弱导致2017年全国平均PM_2.5浓度相较2013年下降了2.7 μg·m^-3，占PM_2.5浓度总降幅的9.1%.在这一过程中污染减排起了主导作用，约占ARI效应减弱导致全国平均PM_2.5浓度下降的88%，气象条件变化的贡献约占12%.在季节尺度上，冬季ARI效应减弱最为明显，使得2017年冬季全国月平均PM_2.5浓度同比2013年下降了12.1%.在区域尺度上，ARI效应的减弱对京津冀区域PM_2.5浓度的影响最为显著，使得2017年该区域平均PM_2.5浓度相较2013年下降了2.8 μg·m^-3，占该区域PM_2.5浓度总降幅的9.9%.2013—2017年，ARI效应对京津冀区域冬季重污染天气的影响程度也明显降低.以2013年1月和2017年1月为例，ARI效应使得这两个月内强霾事件期间区域日平均PM_2.5浓度峰值分别增加了47.6 μg·m^-3和33.7 μg·m^-3.研究表明"大气十条"实施后ARI对PM_2.5质量浓度的增强效应明显减弱，从而进一步推动了全国及重点区域PM_2.5浓度的下降，带来了额外的空气质量改善效益.     

钾素营养对烤烟烟叶品质影响的研究进展

烟草是喜钾作物,增施钾肥可提高烟叶含钾量,提高烟叶的生理活性,提高烟叶内在品质,增加烤烟的抗逆性,提高产量及其质量,烟叶的含钾量直接影响烟叶的香气质、香气量、燃烧性和持火力等.     

Apportionment of nuptial alkaloidal gifts by a multiply-mated female moth (Utetheisa ornatrix): eggs individually receive alkaloid from more than one male source

Summary. In the moth Utetheisa ornatrix the female is promiscuous and receives a nuptial gift of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) by seminal infusion from each mate. The alkaloidal gifts are transmitted by the female to the eggs, which are protected as a result. We here show that individual eggs may receive PAs from more than one male source and that individual males have no assurance that the PA they themselves contribute to the female will find its way exclusively to eggs of their siring. Received 28 June 2002; accepted 28 August 2002.     

花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究进展

花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究，对于解决放射性核废料的处理，地热能的有效开发利用和成岩成矿作用的理论研究等问题，具有重要的意义和应用价值。因此，本文引用近期的资料，从矿物表面的解吸作用、次生矿物的沉淀、矿物及花岗岩的溶解速率和花岗岩-流体反应的效应四个方面，对花岗岩-流体相互作用的实验研究进行论述，以期达到抛砖引玉的效果。     

Elemental composition of surface waters in the Antarctic Peninsula and interactions with the environment

The fast changes in chemical and biological properties of many coastal and inland waters in the last decades reflect the pressure of man on the environment. The surface waters of the Antarctic Peninsula, located far from industrial or populated areas, could eventually be used as background lines. Surface water samples were taken from five lagoons of King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, and from the Kitiesh Lake. Sample pH and electrical conductivity were analysed in situ and in the laboratory, respectively. The dissolved fractions were analysed in 1997 and 1998. Total concentrations only for 1998 were determined in another fraction adjusted to pH 2. Aluminium, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, and Pb were quantified in all samples by means of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total and dissolved elemental concentrations were discussed considering the composition of particulate material suspended in the waters removed by streams or by water runoff, or from atmospheric aerosols. Concentrations of dissolved elements change from one lagoon to another. Total and dissolved elemental concentrations could be related to water movement by windstorms, to chemical mechanisms in water and/or to natural and anthropogenic atmospheric factors.     

A LUMPED STREAM-AQUIFER MODEL TO ASSESS RECLAIMED WATER IMPACTS1

ABSTRACT: A lumped, in time and space, model of stream-aquifer interactions is developed. The model is based upon mass balance and ancillary phenomenological equations that can evaluate changes in streamflow and groundwater quantity and quality. The model is applied to the Santa Margarita River, San Diego County, California to assess the impacts of proposed discharges of reclaimed wastewater on streamflows and underlying groundwaters. The model is relatively simple and economical to apply, thus minimizing analysis costs.     

STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF KAREZ IRRIGATION1

ABSTRACT: The karez is a traditional irrigation water source, consisting of hand-dug horizontal wells, that is still used in parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. This paper describes the construction, management, and current problems of karez irrigation systems based on investigations conducted in Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. While karezes have served irrigation needs well in the past, they are now threatened by high costs of labor for construction and maintenance, and by the encroachment of tubewells which lower the water tables on which the karez systems depend. Possible methods for improving karez performance and needs for research are discussed.