A COMPARISON OF TRANSFORMATION METHODS FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The SMEMAX transformation, its modified versions and power transformation were applied to 55 long-term records of annual maximum flood flows tested previously for independence, homogeneity and completeness. Even though SMEMAX transformation reduced the coefficient of skewness to near zero for flood data, their distribution was not a true normal distribution. In almost all cases, the coefficient of kurtosis was quite different from 3.0 of the normal distribution. Empirical criteria showed that SMEMAX transformation performed well only for 40 (70 percent) of the 55 stations tested. Its performance level dropped, especially for stations which had both the coefficient of skewness and kurtosis greater than 3.0 and 10.0, respectively. Power transformation was generally better in transforming the flood data to a normal distribution. It performed well for 50 (90 percent) of the 55 stations tested. The coefficient of skewness in case of the data transformed by power transformation was much closer to the zero value than in the case of SMEMAX transformed series. The SMEMAX transformation and its two modified versions yielded identical results when flood frequency analysis was performed. Computationally, all three methods were equally simple and easy to apply for flood frequency analysis. In some cases, the coefficient of kurtosis for the transformed distributions obtained both by SMEMAX and power transformations deviated farther from that for the normal distribution than for the parent distribution.     

用二阶闭合理论确定的大气扩散系数的分析

本文分析了作者以前得到的一种扩散系数的某些结果,认为这种扩散系数解释了垂直湍流和风切变的联合作用使水平扩散增大的实验观测结果;建立了与雷诺应力间的函数关系,在简化情况下,与泰勒理论得到的结论类似。在边界层低层,湍流扩散系数与粘性系数是不相等的,有时会有较大差别。     

Comparison between inhibitor and uncoupler for minimizing excess sludge production of an activated sludge process

In order to study the minimization of excess sludge production, the reduction in the excess sludge production in the presence of an inhibitor and uncoupler was studied in this work. The experimental results show that such an addition could effectively reduce the production of excess sludge. With the energy uncoupling model established in this work, energy uncoupling coefficient (E _u) was used to evaluate the reduction in excess sludge production. The energy uncoupling coefficients in the presence of dinitrophenol (dNP), Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺ was 0.75, 0.46, and 0.18, respectively. The analysis demonstrated that energy spilling occurred in the presence of dNP, and that dNP was an effective uncoupler for reducing the production of excess activated sludge without affecting the microbial respiration activity.     

UBET在圆环压缩中的应用及绘制理论校准曲线精度的讨论

将UBET用于求解压缩圆环问题 ,可简便快速地取得上限解 ;进而采用该解绘制塑性加工中测量摩擦系数的理论校准曲线。对中性层的位置进行了精确求解 ;分析了绘制理论校准曲线时 ,总压缩量、压缩步长量等参数对其结果的影响     

“三下”开采资源补偿费减征的模型与方法研究

针对我国“三下”开采资源补偿费征收现状与存在问题,基于资源价值理论及现行资源补偿费征收标准,通过理论分析、实例计算和计算机模拟,给出了“三下”开采资源补偿费减征的理论依据,提出了“三下”开采资源回收难度综合评价模型、补偿费征收模型、合理采出率等有关参数的确定模型,研究了“三下”边界及压煤量、采出率快速准确确定方法,设计开发了程序系统,为搞好“三下”资源补偿费征收、提高矿产资源管理与科学决策水平提供了理论与方法依据。     

影响静电收尘效率的紊流掺混系数的研究

根据紊流传质原理，在Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｃｋｅｓ和Ｓｈａｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｙ方程的基础上从理论上定量地分析了紊流掺混系数以及对静电收尘效率的影响。该分析结果不仅反应了Ｓｅｌｆ和Ｇ等人的观测结果，而且与Ｒｉｅｈｌｅ等人所做的小型电除尘器的除尘效率测试结果基本一致。     

我国低纬度、亚热带地区的降水化学及其雨水酸化趋势分析

在世界上酸沉降研究尚为空白的低纬度、亚热带地区建立了酸沉降监测网。通过两年的监测，结果表明降水中酸度和离子总浓度季节变化明显，Ｃａ￣（２＋）和ＮＨ在降水离子构成中占百分率较高，阳离子总和略大于阴离子总和。两广地区降水酸度是雨水中多种阴、阳离子综合作用的结果，降水中ＳＯ浓度高的地区是ＳＯ＿２排放量高的地区，控制雨水逐年酸化趋势的唯一途径是限制ＳＯ＿２排放。     

Calculation method of quantum efficiency to TiO2 nanocrystal photocatalysis reaction

The quantum yield is an important factor to evaluate the efficiency of photoreactor.This article vires an overall calculation method of the quantum efficiency(Φ) and the apparent quantum efficiency(Φa) to the TiO2/UV photocatalysis system.Furthermore,for the immobility system(IS),the formulation of the faction of light absorbed by the TiO2 thin film is proposed so as to calculate the quantum efficiency by using the measured value and theoretic calculated value of transmissivity(T).For the suspension system(SS),due to the difficulty to obtain the adsorption coefficient(α) of TiO2 particulates,the quantum efficiency is calculated by means of the relative photonic efficiency(ζr)and the standard quantum yield(Φstandard).     

关于络合滴定的终点误差的研究

终合滴定是化学分析中的一个重要领域，它广泛应用于各生产部门和科学研究中，络合滴定的终点误差（TE）问题是关系到测定结果是否准确可靠性至涉及分析方法本身是否可靠的大问题，通过理论推导和试验验证，提出了除通常采用的计算方法外的几种络各滴定终点误差计算方法，使读者更进一步明确了有关终点误差的实质和计算运用。     

环境监测中的各种相关系数及其程序计算

本文介绍了用FoxPor语言编制的秩相关系数、相关系数和匹配度计算程序，可在环境监测中代替计算器使用，具有效率高、稳定好、操作简便等优点。