天津市非点源污染现状研究

随着天津市点源污染近年来得到进一步治理,非点源污染在水体污染中所占的比重越来越大.天津市非点源污染影响主要来自5个方面:畜禽养殖、农田地表径流、农村地表径流、水产养殖换水及城市地表径流,通过分析各方面的排放特性,得到了天津市非点源污染负荷:CODCr为204 703.4 t·a-1,BOD5为54 100.8 t·a-1,NH3-N为9 881.3 t·a-1.文章从排污系数对比、非点源污染构成、非点源污染负荷密度3个方面分别对非点源污染负荷进行了分析,得出了以下结论:水产养殖的排污系数最高;农田径流、畜禽养殖产生的污染负荷最大;武清区、蓟县和宝坻区污染最为严重.最后针对5种不同的类型提出了控制对策.     

改进的灰色变权聚类法在水质评价中的应用

本文以灰色系统理论和模糊数学理论为基础，改进了传统灰色聚类法隶属函数的构建模式，通过扩充函数的取值区间，变更函数型式，保证了评价信息的完整性和精确性；通过修正污染因子权系数的标定模式，既考虑各因子在不同污染级别中作用的不同，同时也充分考虑各因子各自在不同污染级别中的权重不同，把二者相结合，进行权系数标定，提高了评价的准确性和分辨率。     

贫信息背景下复杂装备的加速系数确定模型——基于灰色关联与失效相似度

针对传统加速系数确定方法过分依赖可靠性增长模型与利用子系统进行数据融合机理不清晰的问题,提出一种利用装备、环境与失效相似度综合确定复杂装备加速系数的方法.利用灰色关联与灰靶方法充分筛选历史相关样本进行信息融合,提出的方法极大程度地在小样本的情况下对相关信息进行挖掘.与传统方法相比,本方法需要的数据较少,易于取得,计算简便且适用于各类新装备的各类新环境.最后通过算例分析证明了方法的简便性与实用性.证明了方法兼具理论与实践价值.     

贲亭酸甲酯生产中恶臭污染分析及治理实践

实验室和工业实践中表明,活性炭吸附、硫酸碳化和高锰酸钾氧化对此类恶臭物质的处理具有一定的效果,100g活性炭对异戊烯醇的最大吸附量可达到36g,100mL98%的硫酸可处理异戊烯醇30g;在采取冷凝回收、活性炭吸附和硫酸碳化工程措施后,臭气的排放浓度低于100(无量纲),厂界臭气浓度低于20,可稳定地实现达标排放。     

孔隙含水介质的Pb分配系数

Pb分配系数是描述Pb在地下水中迁移性质的重要参数。研究对象和目的不同 ,计算Pb分配系数的方法也不同。静态吸附平衡实验方法简便易行 ,适用于计算不同岩性的Pb分配系数 ;动态土柱实验方法难度较大 ,主要用于建立Pb迁移方程 ;阳离子交换系数方法计算过程复杂 ,适用于解决野外实际问题。     

How accurately do semi-permeable membrane devices measure the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna?

Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are passive samplers that have been designed to sample the bioavailable fractions of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. This study aims at evaluating the ability for SPMD to sample polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene) that are actually bioavailable to Daphnia magna. For that purpose, the SPMD-available fraction and the bioavailable fraction to D. magna are compared in controlled media with Dissolved Organic Matters (DOMs) from various origins and at different concentrations. The presence of all but one DOM reduces the accumulation of PAHs in SPMD or in D. magna. Moreover, this comparative laboratory study shows that in 10 cases on 13, the SPMD-available fraction is close to the available fraction to D. magna. When significant differences are observed between SPMD-available and bioavailable fractions, they remain less than 50% at DOM concentrations below 10 mg/l DOC, which corresponds to a maximum DOC concentration usually found in temperate rivers. This study confirms the suitability of the SPMD technique to monitor readily bioavailable hydrophobic contaminants in aquatic environments containing DOM from various origins and characteristics.     

Eu uptake by calcite: Preliminary results from coprecipitation experiments and observations with surface-sensitive techniques

A lack of information in databases for contamination risk assessment about the transport behaviour of the trivalent f-orbital elements in groundwater systems where calcite is at equilibrium motivated this study of Eu³⁺ uptake. The free drift technique was used to examine the effects of Eu³⁺ concentration, presence of Na⁺ or K⁺ and temperature, as well as calcite nucleation and precipitation kinetics, on the partitioning of calcite. Changes in surface composition and morphology resulting from exposure of single crystals of Iceland spar to Eu³⁺-bearing solutions were observed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). First results confirm that calcite has high affinity for Eu³⁺. Rates of nucleation and precipitation strongly affect the extent of uptake but the presence of Na⁺ and K⁺ has no effect, suggesting formation of solid solution as CaCO₃–EuOHCO₃. Surface-sensitive techniques prove that Eu³⁺ is adsorbed to calcite even when the surface is dissolving and adsorption is not accompanied by precipitation of a separate Eu³⁺-solid phase. Adsorbed Eu modifies calcite's dissolution behaviour, roughening terraces and rounding step edges, and producing surface morphology where some surface sites appear blocked. Results imply that Eu³⁺ concentrations in natural calcites are limited by Eu³⁺ availability rather than by a lack of ability to fit into calcite's atomic structure. This behaviour can probably be expected for other trivalent rare Earth elements (REE), actinides and fission products whose behaviour is similar to that of Eu³⁺. These elements are likely to be incorporated within the calcite bulk in systems where it is precipitating and the demonstrated strong partitioning ensures some uptake even where calcite is at or under saturation.     

秆粪肥在赤红壤中的矿化研究

采用十一种有机物肥进行矿化研究，肥效试验设高、中、低化肥水平比较．结果表明：（１）不同肥料对玉米苗期干物重的影响是：粪肥＞化肥＞秆肥．施入６２ｄ，土场总碳量是，施粪肥的比对照高１．３７倍，施秆肥的高１．２４倍，单施化肥的反比对照下降１４．３％。当然，不同秆粪肥的肥效也不完全一样．（２）在南方高温多雨的条件下，秆粪肥施入土壤后的分解是很快的，尤其是施后的第一个月，其分解速率杠肥平均为４３．４％；粪肥为３５．４％．秆肥中分解最快的是玉米秆，最慢的是甘蔗渣，分解速率分别为５０．１％和２３．４％；粪肥中分解最快的是鸡粪，最慢的是鸭粪，分解速率分别为５５．７％和２１．５％．一个月后分解速率则明显下降．秆粪肥在土壤中的分解一直延缓到三年以后。（３）施后第一年的腐殖化系数，秆肥为２．５４３×１０（－３）－４．３１９×１０（－３），其中番薯藤的最大，黄豆秆的最小；粪肥的除鸡粪和猪粪较小外，牛、鸭粪的达４×１０（－３）以上。一年以后便逐年明显减小．     

摩尔体积预测有机物水的溶解度和辛醇/水分配系数

本文回归分析了20种317个固液化合物的摩尔体积和溶解度以及辛醇/水分配系数的相关性,结果表明:溶解度及辛醇/水分配系数和摩尔体积呈良好的线性相关,讨论了回归系数,并用摩尔体积估算了一些有机物的溶解度和辛醇/水分配系数,并和其它估算方法进行了比较。     

城中湖水环境容量计算和对策研究

以城中湖西园排污口的水质监测数据和相关水文参数为基础,运用湖泊推流衰减模式推算城中湖的降解系数K,KCOD、KTP和KTN分别为0.0011d-1、0.00151d-1和0.0010d-1。选择质量平衡方程作为水环境容量的计算模型,分别以COD、TP和TN为控制因子,计算了城中湖的水环境容量。根据排入城中湖的污染源调查和水环境容量计算结果,得到城中湖水环境容量余量。针对城中湖现状,提出了防止城中湖水体富营养化的措施和建议。