关中城市群生态足迹演变趋势及公平性评价

自然资本与人造资本的分配公平与配置效率是可持续共享区域生态资源的保证。论文在测算2005—2014年关中城市群生态足迹的基础上,以生态足迹、生态承载力、GDP分别表征区域内自然资本需求、自然资本收益、人造资本收益,采用基尼系数、时空分析指标、生态承载系数、经济贡献系数分析区域资源分配公平与配置效率的程度。结果显示,2005—2014年,关中城市群生态承载基尼系数、经济贡献基尼系数、综合基尼系数分别置于 [0.18, 0.20]、[0.24, 0.29]、[0.23, 0.28]区间。同时,结果表明,关中城市群GDP上升趋势显著快于生态足迹,生态要素匹配较好,其中,咸阳市、宝鸡市、铜川市属相对“高生态承载贡献、低经济贡献”城市,西安市、杨凌示范区属相对“高经济贡献、低生态承载贡献”城市。     

The combined effects of biomass and temperature on maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate in domestic wastewater treatment

• Actual SAORs was determined using MLVSS and temperature. • Measured SAOR decreased with increasing MLVSS 1.1‒8.7 g/L. • Temperature coefficient (θ) decreased with increasing MLVSS. • Nitrification process was dynamically simulated based on laboratory-scale SBR tests. • A modified model was successfully validated in pilot-scale SBR systems. Measurement and predicted variations of ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) are critical for the optimization of biological nitrogen removal, however, it is difficult to predict accurate AOR based on current models. In this study, a modified model was developed to predict AOR based on laboratory-scale tests and verified through pilot-scale tests. In biological nitrogen removal reactors, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was affected by both mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration and temperature. When MLVSS increased 1.6, 4.2, and 7.1-fold (1.3‒8.9 g/L, at 20°C), the measured SAOR decreased by 21%, 49%, and 56%, respectively. Thereby, the estimated SAOR was suggested to modify when MLVSS changed through a power equation fitting. In addition, temperature coefficient (θ) was modified based on MLVSS concentration. These results suggested that the prediction of variations ammonia oxidation rate in real wastewater treatment system could be more accurate when considering the effect of MLVSS variations on SAOR.     

石家庄近地层风场辐合与重污染关系研究

石家庄多发生以风场辐合为特征的局地污染事件,客观判识辐合区和辐合过程强弱对重污染预报指示意义重大.为研究石家庄风场辐合特征及其对局地污染的贡献,更好地为区域重污染天气预报预警提供客观指标参考,在引入固定高度层内矢量通风系数物理量的基础上,结合箱体模型提出一种定量计算近地层风场辐合强度系数的方法,并利用ERA-Interim再分析资料计算了京津冀地区矢量通风系数以及辐合强度系数,对2016年9月—2019年3月期间10次典型风场辐合污染过程进行分析,探讨了风场辐合形成的原因和对污染贡献的关系.结果表明:①受地形影响,石家庄易出现近地层风向、风速辐合,均可归结为区域内输入通风量大于输出通风量,西部太行山地形的阻挡加重了其辐合程度.②风场辐合使空气中的水汽和污染物汇聚,为二次反应提供高湿条件,这种正反馈作用促发PM_2.5爆发性增长,期间ρ（PM_2.5）平均每小时可上升25 μg/m3.③石家庄近地层辐合强度系数在26以上时对污染贡献作用明显,辐合区污染强度比周边偏高1~2个等级,ρ（PM_2.5）比区域背景值偏高85%~200%.研究显示,风场辐合对重污染贡献明显,是形成局部污染物浓度偏高、PM_2.5爆发性增长的重要气象指标.      

孔压静探模型槽试验和室内固结试验求取土的固结系数的对比

土的固结系数是软土地基计算与处理设计中的关键参数,本文将孔压静探模型槽试验求出的固结系数和室内固结试验所求固结系数,进行了对比分析,发现前者比后者所得结果相差一到两个数量级,并详细论述了孔压静探求取固结系数的原理及步骤。     

江西武山铜矿尾矿坝软土地基分级加载稳定性问题分析

稳定性分析是堤防、土石坝等以稳定性为控制条件的工程设计的一项重要工作,在软土地区尤其如此。由于软基堤坝稳定问题主要出现在施工期间,特别对于进行地基处理过的软基。本文结合工程实际,通过对湖相沉积软土上分级加载的堆石坝进行稳定性分析,指导了工程安全施工,收到了一定的效果。     

氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在PVA凝胶膜中的扩散性能

用冷冻-解冻法制备PVA凝胶膜,测定了氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在PVA凝胶膜中的扩散系数,考察了成膜条件和细胞密度对扩散系数的影响.结果表明,扩散系数随冷冻-解冻次数、PVA溶液的浓度及细胞密度的增大而减小. 氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在15% PVA的空白膜中的扩散系数分别为0.69×10^-9 m²/s, 0.52×10^-9m²/s和0.56×10^-9 m²/s; 在细胞浓度为60g/L的PVA膜中的扩散系数分别为0.55×10^-9 m²/s, 0.46×10^-9 m²/s和0.45×10^-9 m²/s.     

溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶质量浓度及肝脾脏影响

随着溴氰菊酯在农业上的广泛应用,其在水环境中的污染机率也在增加。为了研究溴氰菊酯连续暴露对罗非鱼免疫系统的影响。通过测定血清中溶菌酶质量分数,观察罗非鱼(tilapia)肝脾脏的外观变化,以及计算肝脏和脾脏的脏器系数,评价溴氰菊酯连续染毒对罗非鱼的影响。实验设1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0,10.0μg/L5个质量浓度组和空白对照组,同时每组设置一个平行样。试验开始后的第3天,1.0~5.0μg/L质量浓度组的罗非鱼血清中的溶菌酶质量浓度接近或略小于对照组,10.0μg/L质量浓度组与对照组相比下降明显(P<0.05),降幅达49.3%。实验7~15d期间,1.0~5.0μg/L质量浓度组罗非鱼血清的溶菌酶质量浓度渐渐升高,高于正常鱼体的质量浓度,最高值可达138.06±2.2μg/mL,为对照组的220.9%(P<0.05)。10.0μg/L试验组罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶的质量浓度在试验第7天时降至最低,为26.5±1.9μg/mL,为对照组的42.4%,表现出明显的抑制作用(P<0.01)。随着暴露时间的延长,各试验组在20d时恢复至正常水平,血清中溶菌酶的质量浓度与对照组相比没有明显差异(P>0.05);溴氰菊酯染毒第25天时罗非鱼的肝脏和脾脏的脏器系数与对照组相比均未发生明显的差异,罗非鱼的脾脏外观没有发生异常,但肝脏却发生了明显的病变,试验第25d时10.0μg/L质量浓度组罗非鱼肝脏的异常率达66.67%。试验结果表明,溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶的影响是可逆的,对肝脏会造成一定的病理损伤,对脾脏的影响未检出。     

危险货物办理站安全质量评估方法初探

从铁路危险货物的运输现状出发，通过对影响危险货物办理站安全工作质量的因素的分析，探讨了安全质量的评估方法，并提出了一个新的概念──安全管理难度系数，由此建立起安全质量综合评估模型，以实现对危险货物办理站安全工作的全面衡量。     

A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PEAK WATER DEMAND OF MULTIFAMILY RESIDENCES1

ABSTRACT: The importance of estimating peak water demands for determining the dimensions of pipe size and meters which provide household water to multifamily residences is examined. Several methods utilized in North America and Europe are examined. The analysis makes clear the necessity of studying the peak water demand through statistics based on local data concerning multifamily residences. For different periods of return, the peak demand of a given apartment building is related to its size (the number of apartments) in order to compare the results obtained with existing formula. By use of Ridge-regression technique, the relationship between peak water demand, and building size (number of apartments) and available pressure is established. It can be concluded that peak demand can be estimated with the square root of number of apartment units in the building and the cube root of water pressure.