一体式膜-生物反应器的水动力学特性

以研究一体式膜 -生物反应器的水动力学特性为目的 ,通过试验测定了反应器中膜间液体错流流速的分布和大小 ,建立了描述错流流速的计算模型 ,并考察了曝气量和反应器结构对错流流速的影响 .曝气量为 40 m³/h时 ,膜组件中部的错流流速为0.36～ 0.4³m/s,比膜组件 2边的流速约大 6.2%～ 21%.错流流速实测值与模型计算值吻合良好 .曝气量为 20～50 m³/h时 ,错流流速随曝气量的升高而增大 ,当曝气量大于 50 m³/h后错流流速逐渐趋向平稳 ;反应器高度越高 ,上升流通道越窄、下降流道和底部流道越宽 ,在同样曝气量条件下 ,可获得越大的错流流速 .     

广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征

研究并比较了广东酸雨地区鹤山丘陵综合实验站区内不同类型森林降水的化学特征.结果表明,和大气降水相比,针阔叶林林内降水除NO3外其它离子含量都明显增加,马尾松针叶林冠层穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为34倍和12倍,阔叶林穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为8倍和10倍,针叶林降水比阔叶林降水离子富集程度较为显著．林内降水中马尾松针叶林树干径流离子总含量小于穿透雨离子总含量,阔叶林穿透雨离子总含量小于树干径流离子总含量.不同阔叶林型林内降水中离子含量是不同的.针叶林林内降水有进一步酸化趋势.林内降水离子富集导致森林冠层正负电荷数不平衡,营养离子大量淋失,使林冠层养分亏损．     

半干半湿烟气脱硫反应塔湿壁现象的分析

半干半湿烟气脱硫工艺特别适合我国中小型工业锅炉烟气脱硫的需要。提高脱硫效率、降低脱硫剂消耗主要依赖增湿程度的提高。然而,加湿会带来湿壁从而改变工艺干法特征,加速腐蚀,影响系统稳定性等问题。通过对一套工业试验性半干半湿FGD系统反应塔湿壁现象的测试分析发现:塔内涡流滞流区的存在,是湿壁的主要原因;塔壁与主流间过大的温差也经常导致结露湿壁。      

Increasing the efficiency of solute leaching: impacts of flow interruption with drainage of the “preferential flow paths”

Most soils contain preferential flow paths that can impact on solute mobility. Solutes can move rapidly down the preferential flow paths with high pore-water velocities, but can be held in the less permeable region of the soil matrix with low pore-water velocities, thereby reducing the efficiency of leaching. In this study, we conducted leaching experiments with interruption of the flow and drainage of the main flow paths to assess the efficiency of this type of leaching. We compared our experimental results to a simple analytical model, which predicts the influence of the variations in concentration gradients within a single spherical aggregate (SSA) surrounded by preferential flow paths on leaching. We used large (length: 300 mm, diameter: 216 mm) undisturbed field soil cores from two contrasting soil types. To carry out intermittent leaching experiments, the field soil cores were first saturated with tracer solution (CaBr₂), and background solution (CaCl₂) was applied to mimic a leaching event. The cores were then drained at 25- to 30-cm suction to empty the main flow paths to mimic a dry period during which solutes could redistribute within the undrained region. We also conducted continuous leaching experiments to assess the impact of the dry periods on the efficiency of leaching. The flow interruptions with drainage enhanced leaching by 10–20% for our soils, which was consistent with the model's prediction, given an optimised “equivalent aggregate radius” for each soil. This parameter quantifies the time scales that characterise diffusion within the undrained region of the soil, and allows us to calculate the duration of the leaching events and interruption periods that would lead to more efficient leaching. Application of these methodologies will aid development of strategies for improving management of chemicals in soils, needed in managing salts in soils, in improving fertiliser efficiency, and in reclaiming contaminated soils.     

Thermal and Rheological Properties of Commercial-Grade Poly(Lactic Acid)s

Poly(lactic acid) is the subject of considerable commercial development by a variety of organizations around the world. In this work, the thermal and rheological properties of two commercial-grade poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) are investigated. A comparison of the commercial samples to a series of well-defined linear and star architecture PLAs provides considerable insight into their flow properties. Such insights are valuable in deciding processing strategies for these newly emerging, commercially significant, biodegradable plastics. Both a branched and linear grade of PLA are investigated. The crystallization kinetics of the branched polymer are inferred to be faster than the linear analog. Longer relaxation times in the terminal region for the branched material compared to the linear material manifests itself as a higher zero shear rate viscosity. However, the branched material shear thins more strongly, resulting in a lower value of viscosity at high shear rates. Comparison of the linear viscoelastic spectra of the branched material with the spectra for star PLAs suggests that the branched architecture is characterized by a span molecular weight of approximately 63,000 g/mol. The present study conclusively demonstrates that a wide spectrum of flow properties are available through simple architectural modification of PLA, thus allowing the utilization of this important degradable thermoplastic in a variety of processing operations.     

新疆泥石流成因类型和分布规律

泥石流是新疆的主要地质灾害。研究其成因类型和分布规律对制定防治对策 ,减轻国家财物和人民生命安全的损失 ,无疑具有重要的意义。     

Century Perspective of Heavy Metal Use in Urban Areas. A Case Study in Stockholm

The inflow and stock (amount in use) of heavy metals (cadmium(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in goods in 1995 have been quantifiedin the anthroposphere of Stockholm, Sweden. Statistics on national, regional and local level were used. Contacts were established with representatives from production and constructionin the industrial sector and with authorities. The results show that the stock of Cd is 0,2 kg per capita. For the other heavymetals the corresponding result per capita is: Cr 8, Cu 170, Hg 0,01, Ni 4, Pb 73 and Zn 40 kg. The inflow varies between2–8%of the stock indicating the importance of the stock. The lowestlevels are for Cu and Pb. Heavy metal levels in solid waste are high, between 15–45% of the amount in the inflow (Hg excluded), the lowest values were for Cu and Pb. Thus, recyclingis incomplete. Long life expectancy goods form the majority of the stock but there is a tendency that short life expectancy goods increase their importance in the inflow. Concealedgoods are also more frequent in inflow than in the stock.     

机动车排放颗粒物采集系统的研制和开发

笔者以机动车排放颗粒物采集和分析为主要目的,开发了机动车排放颗粒物全流稀释风道测量系统.重点介绍了全流稀释风道测量系统的基本性能和特点,其中包括设计思路、系统流程、主要技术参数、应用范围等.      

黄河河川基流量演化规律及其驱动因子探讨

河川基流量是指地下水补给河川径流的水量。论文首次对黄河河川基流量50年来的时空演化规律和驱动因子做了较为全面的分析。研究表明:黄河河川基流量约占黄河河川径流量的44%,黄河河川基流量对维持健康黄河具有重要意义。受自然变化和人类活动影响,黄河干支流河川基流量50年来总体呈下降趋势;支流基流量变化可划分为双峰型、单峰型、直线下降型3种类型,干流区间基流量主要减少在黄河中游地区。黄河河川基流量具有维持河川径流、维护河流生态、湖泊以及表生生态植被良性发展等多种功能,河川基流量衰减导致湖泊萎缩、表生植被退化、加剧黄河断流等一系列生态环境负效应。通过对驱动因子进一步分析表明,降水量是维持河川基流量的主要来源,其变化影响黄河河川基流量变化趋势。人类活动是黄河河川基流量驱动因子中最活跃的因子,基流量衰减最明显的地区也是人类活动频繁的地区。因此维持健康的黄河必须要对黄河基流量进行科学保护和合理开发利用。     

我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流分析

论文利用物质流分析方法对2000~2005年我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流进行了核算与分析。结果表明:近年我国社会经济发展从地质环境获取的物质需求总量呈增加态势,2005年达到了439.6×10⁸t,显著超过了国外主要发达国家,致使我国地质环境压力不断增大;我国经济增长在依赖于地质资源的同时,物质生产力从240.9元/t增长到416.5元/t,但与主要发达国家相比,我国经济发展仍属于资源消耗型,可持续发展能力较低;我国人均物质消耗量为33.6t,明显低于主要发达国家,按照发达国家人均物质消耗量开发地质资源将远远超过我国的地质环境承载力,决定了我国只能走资源节约型的经济发展道路。