芦山地震灾区生态补偿对策研究

芦山大地震造成了巨大的生态破坏,导致了生态系统发生退化,尤其是地形条件极其复杂的山地生态系统退化更加严重。由于地震而引发的次生灾害对于山地生态系统的影响也非常显著。生态系统及其服务的可持续性是人类社会可持续发展的决定性约束因素,震后人类赖以生存与发展的自然环境面临威胁。因此,修复生态系统,实施生态补偿是震后保护生态环境问题的迫切需要。文章分析了芦山地震对灾区生态环境及自然保护区的影响,提出了震后生态补偿的思路、重难点和对策建议,以供雅安灾后生态重建借鉴。     

利用GPS-RIK技术进行既有线曲线整正测量研究

既有线曲线整正测量是铁路既有线提速改造和工务部门大修设计的主要任务之一。需要改造的既有铁路一般均为繁忙干线，并行车密度较高。传统的测量方法是将测量仪器安置在线路上，这样不仅在作业过程中受行车干扰，作业效率也不够高，而曲线地段通视条件差，作业难度是相当大的。同时，作业人员的安全问题也变得十分突出。笔者提出采用先进的GPS-RIK技术，对既有线曲线整正进行测量。采用该技术不仅能克服气候条件的限制，而且能以较高的频率，较高的精度测定互不通视的各被测点的坐标，克服了传统的作业方法要求置镜点与被测点之间必须通视、作业受天气影响、存在误差累积、内业计算工作量大等缺陷。该法在保证作业人员安全的前提下大大提高作业效率。     

Reconstructing human contributions to accidents: the new view on error and performance

PROBLEM: How can human contributions to accidents be reconstructed? Investigators can easily take the position a of retrospective outsider, looking back on a sequence of events that seems to lead to an inevitable outcome, and pointing out where people went wrong. This does not explain much, however, and may not help prevent recurrence. METHOD AND RESULTS: This paper examines how investigators can reconstruct the role that people contribute to accidents in light of what has recently become known as the new view of human error. The commitment of the new view is to move controversial human assessments and actions back into the flow of events of which they were part and which helped bring them forth, to see why assessments and actions made sense to people at the time. The second half of the paper addresses one way in which investigators can begin to reconstruct people's unfolding mindsets. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: In an era where a large portion of accidents are attributed to human error, it is critical to understand why people did what they did, rather than judging them for not doing what we now know they should have done. This paper helps investigators avoid the traps of hindsight by presenting a method with which investigators can begin to see how people's actions and assessments actually made sense at the time.     

潮白河密云水库流域自然景观的分级和评价

应用卫星遥感技术对潮白河密云水库流域的自然景观进行了自然度分级,并利用景观自然度指数、景观退化程度指数和景观重建程度指数对自然景观进行了评价。结果是研究区景观中度退化,重建程度中等,呈半自然状态。区内景观状态的优劣顺序为:兴隆、怀柔、密云、延庆、滦平、丰宁、崇礼、赤城、沽源。      

任意点置镜测量既有曲线方法的研究

整正既有曲线是既有线提速改造和工务设计大修中的主要工作之一。传统的整正既有曲线的现场测量工作是将测量仪器置镜在曲线的钢轨上进行。这种方法既不安全 ,又容易引发交通事故 ,且工作效率极低。为改进传统的整正既有曲线的现场测量工作 ,满足火车提速和铁路建设的需要 ,提出采用置镜任意点的测量方法 ,对减少交通事故的发生和提高工作效率均具有十分重要的现实意义     

受限透视角度下超声波CT温度场诊断技术

超声波CT一种热测量方法,具有不接触、对温度场不干扰的优点。本文发展一种新的超声波CT再现方法,用于解决受限透视角度所产生的信息量不足的问题。新的超声波CT再现算法建立在逆矩阵变换的基础上,它不同于通常的采用SL过滤器的所谓FBPCT再现方式。论文中描述了三种CT迭代再现算法,用计算机模拟结果和三维温度场测量实验数据验证了再现算法的可靠性。同时根据计算和实验结果,建议在受限的透视角度情况下,迭代方法采用修正的正则最小二乘法CGM是合适的。     

Diagnosis of Temperature Field by Ultrasonic CT-In case of limited projection angle

超声波CT作为一种热测量方法 ,具有不接触、对温度场不干扰的优点。本文发展一种新的超声波CT再现方法 ,用于解决受限透视角度所产生的信息量不足的问题。新的超声波CT再现算法建立在逆矩阵变换的基础上 ,它不同于通常的采用SL过滤器的所谓FBPCT再现方式。论文中描述了三种CT迭代再现算法 ,用计算机模拟结果和三维温度场测量实验数据验证了再现算法的可靠性。同时根据计算和实验结果 ,建议在受限的透视角度情况下 ,迭代方法采用修正的正则最小二乘法CGM是合适的     

Patchy distribution fields: A spiral survey design and reconstruction adequacy

A mathematical model was used to examine the effects of a spiral survey design on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches (or gaps) of different shapes and spatial orientations, and acoustic surveys by a spiral of Archimedes; for comparison, surveys by parallel or zigzag transects are imitated. Adequacy of the reconstructed fields to those originally generated was evaluated by calculating their correlations (r). The mathematical experiments conducted showed that spiral surveys ensure, practically speaking, the same adequacy of field reconstruction (both in cases of immovable or movable patches) as do surveys by parallel or zigzag transects with greater sampling effort (overall path). In the case of a spiral survey, a patchy field can be reconstructed properly (r² = 0.70) if the overall survey path is not less than S/R_av = 20–30, where R_av is the autocorrelation radius averaged for various directions. Thus, the results obtained allow us to conclude that a spiral survey design is expedient in cases that the minimal duration of a survey is a decisive factor for its conduction and there is a priori information that no onshore-offshore gradients of fish density exist in a region under study.     

混沌理论在事故分析及预测中的应用

在对江苏常州市某公司安全事故资料进行大量调查与统计的基础上,应用混沌理论分析了该公司安全事故的混沌特征,指出了事故对初始条件的敏感依赖性和事故的长期不可预测性。应用重构相空间理论对安全事故次数的时间序列进行了分析和预测。同时,还对安全事故统计资料进行了R/S分析,得出该时间序列以2 0 0 1年6月为界限,存在两个Hurst指数,H1=1.6 82 8和H2 =0 .2 936 ,表明在以3个月为时间统计尺度的条件下,事故发生次数在前一时间段整体表现为持久相关性,而在后一时间段表现为反持久相关性。预测与分析结果与实际情况符合较好,表明应用混沌理论进行事故分析与预测是可行的,反映了事故的发展趋势。     

Reconstruction under siege: the Gaza Strip since 2007

This paper examines the siege of the Gaza Strip, a self-governing Palestinian territory, since 2007. Research on sieges tends to concentrate on the coping strategies of besieged communities, humanitarian issues associated with the impacts, humanitarian access, and the prioritisation of needs, with little or no attention paid to reconstruction. However, Gaza is unusual as a siege environment within which reconstruction has become a high priority in the aftermath of its three destructive wars with Israel. Following an overview of research on sieges in contemporary warfare and a brief contextualisation of Gaza, this paper examines why reconstruction outcomes have varied over time through the application of a theoretical framework that stipulates the importance of four key factors: time; needs; scarcity; and political context. Based on an analysis of these variables, Gaza was found to be a most-likely case for reconstruction under siege. Nonetheless, the large-scale reconstruction necessary to transform Gaza has not been actualised.