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61.
Sea salts (seven brands from six commercially-available sources) were dissolved in water to develop 30 g/l solutions, and selected water quality characteristics were then monitored for 96 h. One or more water quality characteristics changed significantly during the 96 h period in six of the reconstituted sea salts. Measured characteristics of sea water diluted to 30 g/l demonstrated no changes during the observation period. The sea salts from different sources also demonstrated differences in absolute concentrations of some characteristics measured. Application of the Biotic Ligand Model to predict copper toxicity to the bivalve Mytilus edulis in solutions of the salts tested yielded 96-h median-lethal concentrations that ranged from 2 to 13 μg/l. Since water quality affects toxicity of many environmental pollutants, the source of the sea salt and equilibration time should be considered when planning toxicity tests. 相似文献
62.
Ross Kingwell Michele John Michael Robertson 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(6):899-912
Degradation of farmland caused by salinisation is a major environmental issue in Australia. To combat salinisation a community-based
approach has been adopted. This paper reviews the nature and effectiveness of this approach, describing its rationale, strengths
and weaknesses. The community-based approach is shown to have been highly successful in raising awareness and providing education
about the problem of dryland salinity in Australia, and has encouraged group participation in managing the problem. The approach
has allowed some internalisation of the externalities associated with dryland salinity, with peer group and community pressure
helping to address some salinity problems. However, the approach has not greatly lessened the threat of salinisation. Community
and regional groups continue to receive the bulk of salinity management funding yet it is funding for development of new innovations,
technologies and policies that is also critical to combating salinity. A conclusion is that there may have been an over-investment
in the community-based approach and under-investment in the development of skills and research infrastructure required to
develop innovative solutions to lessen the cost of salinity.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
63.
Menahem Edelstein Zvi Plaut Nativ Dudai Meni Ben-Hur 《Journal of environmental management》2009,91(1):215-221
Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) has not been widely introduced in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation, fertilization, and salinity are important factors in plant growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the response of vetiver to fertilization (fertigation) and salinity and their interactions under irrigated conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in 10-L pots. Combined effects of three nutrients concentrations and three salinity levels of electrical conductivity (EC) 1, 3 and 6 dS/m in the irrigation water on growth and transpiration of vetiver plants and the content of different elements in their foliage were studied. Similar contents of 3.7 g/kg Na, 5.77 g/kg Ca and 2.55 g/kg Mg were found in the foliage of all the plants irrigated with the different fertilizer and salinity levels. Concentrations of 59 mg/L N and 36.1 mg/L K in the irrigation water were sufficient for vetiver plants needs at the different salinity levels tested. The salinity threshold (the maximum EC in the soil solution that does not cause a significant yield reduction) for vetiver was between 3 and 6 dS/m. A concentration of 15.2 mg/L P in the irrigation water was the optimum value for vetiver growth in the three salinity levels, resulting in an average content of 5.95 g/kg P in plant foliage. It is suggested that vetiver is sensitive to excess P (>8.66 g/kg). Increasing EC in the irrigation water to 6 dS/m decreased plant foliage biomass mainly due to an increase in the osmotic potential of the irrigation water and high Cl− concentration in the foliage. 相似文献
64.
The spring waters of Tuzla–Icmeler are on the Marmara Sea coast in Tuzla town of Istanbul city. The springs discharge a natural
sodium chloride mineral water that consumed for ages for therapeutic purposes attributed to their chemical properties. Development
of springs commenced during the Ottoman times and a surface collection structure was built at the discharge point of the main
spring. Two deep wells were drilled to tap mineral water within the past decades. The bottled water of these springs is also
sold for a couple of years and its consumption as a beverage is increasing. The geochemical properties of these springs were
investigated by several researchers in the past. This study comprises geochemical and geophysical measurements performed between
July 2001 and July 2002 in order to construct a conceptual hydrogeological model for environmental and land use planning purposes.
The seasonal evaluation of Tuzla–Icmeler (mineral spring) shows that the chemical properties fluctuate from the beginning
of summer until the beginning of winter. This indicates that the overdraft of water during the summer season causes the movement
and mix of normal groundwater with the mineralized groundwater. As a result, mixing of less mineralized groundwater decreases
the salinity of mineralized groundwater. Using the site-specific hydrogeological, geochemical and geophysical data, zones
of protection areas were delineated in order to prevent a possible pollution access to the springs and surroundings from nearby
dockyards, dwellings and vehicle traffic. For this purpose, a new land use plan was proposed using the existing settlement
sustainability plans. 相似文献
65.
This study aimed to investigate the interactions of two abiotic factors (temperature and salinity) and deltamethrin (pyrethroid pesticide) exposure on some oxidative stress biomarkers as well as on acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). A combination of three temperatures (24, 29 and 34 °C), two salinities (15 and 25 ppt), and the absence or presence of 0.1 μg L−1 deltamethrin was applied on shrimp during 4 d under laboratory conditions. Lipid peroxidation level (LPO) and glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) were not affected by combined effect of temperature, salinity and deltamethrin in any of the studied tissues. Deltamethrin impaired other tested oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e. total glutathione (tGSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). tGSH level significantly increased in hepatopancreas due to deltamethrin exposure mainly at 34 °C, while pesticide effects on tGSH and CAT activity in gills were influenced by both temperature and salinity. In addition, GPx activity in hepatopancreas decreased after deltamethrin treatment mainly at 24 °C. Finally, AChE in muscle was strongly inhibited by deltamethrin at all tested temperatures and salinities. These novel findings demonstrate that interactions between abiotic factors and a commonly used pesticide exposure should be taken into account when analyzing some widespread biomarkers in black tiger shrimp. 相似文献
66.
Anh L. Nguyen Vinh H. Dang Roel H. Bosma Johan A. J. Verreth Rik Leemans Sena S. De Silva 《Ambio》2014,43(8):1059-1068
In Vietnam, culturing striped catfish makes an important contribution to the Mekong Delta’s economy. Water level rise during rainy season and salt intrusion during dry season affect the water exchange and quality for this culture. Sea level rise as a consequence of climate change will worsen these influences. In this study, water level rise and salt water intrusion for three sea level rise (SLR) scenarios (i.e., +30, +50, and +75 cm) were simulated. The results showed that at SLR +50, the 3-m-flood level would spread downstream and threaten farms located in AnGiang, DongThap and CanTho provinces. Rising salinity levels for SLR +75 would reduce the window appropriate for the culture in SocTrang and BenTre provinces, and in TienGiang’s coastal districts. Next to increasing dikes to reduce the impacts, the most tenable and least disruptive option to the farming community would be to shift to a salinity tolerant strain of catfish. 相似文献
67.
Kefford BJ Marchant R Schäfer RB Metzeling L Dunlop JE Choy SC Goonan P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(1):302-310
The risk of chemicals for ecological communities is often forecast with species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) which are used to predict the concentration which will protect p% of species (PCp value). However, at the PCp value, species richness in nature would not necessary be p% less than at uncontaminated sites. The definition of species richness inherent to SSDs (contaminant category richness) contrasts with species richness typically measured in most field studies (point richness). We determine, for salinity in eastern Australia, whether these definitions of stream macroinvertebrate species richness are commensurable. There were strong relationships (r2 ≥ 0.87) between mean point species, family and Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera species richness and their respective contamination category richness. Despite differences in the definition of richness used by SSDs and field biomonitoring, their results in terms of relative species loss from salinity in south-east Australia are similar. We conclude that in our system both definitions are commensurable. 相似文献
68.
Effects of climate and land use changes on groundwater resources in coastal aquifers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To estimate the freshwater loss in coastal aquifers due to salinisation, a numerical model based on the sharp interface assumption has been introduced. The developed methodology will be useful in areas where limited hydrological data are available. This model will elaborate on the changes in fresh groundwater loss with respect to climate change, land use pattern and hydrologic soil condition. The aridity index has been introduced to represent the variations in precipitation and temperature. The interesting finding is that the deforestation leads to increase groundwater recharge in arid areas, because deforestation leads to reduce evapotranspiration even though it favors runoff. The combined climate and land use scenarios show that when the aridity index is less than 60, the agricultural lands give higher groundwater recharge than other land use patterns for all hydrologic soil conditions. The calculated recharge was then used to estimate the freshwater-saltwater interface and percentage of freshwater loss due to salinity intrusion. We found that in arid areas, the fresh groundwater loss increases as the percentage of forest cover increases. The combined effects of deforestation and aridity index on fresh groundwater loss show that deforestation causes an increase in the recharge and existing fresh groundwater resource in areas having low precipitation and high temperature (arid climates). 相似文献
69.
Synthetic Analysis for Extracting Information on Soil Salinity Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Yanggao Basin in China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Wanglu Peng 《Environmental management》1998,22(1):153-159
/ This paper reports the experience of extracting information on the salinity of soil and offers a method of synthetic analysis. The experimental areas for analysis are located in Yanggao Basin, Shanxi Province, China. The types of soil are mainly meadow soil and salinized meadow soil. The method of synthetic analysis of salinity uses a geographic information system (GIS) as a tool, building a basic saltwater analysis model of saline soil and adjusting the result with expert experience after computer processing. The method of feature extraction has been used for remotely sensed data. An optimum combination of features has been determined and, after comparing several combinations in the Yanggao region, an improved result has been obtained after Kauth-Thomas (K-T) transformation. For precise quantitative analysis of the salinization, not only Thematic Mapper (TM) remote sensing data, but also two forms of non-remote-sensing data are needed: depth of groundwater and mineralization rate of groundwater according to the theory of genesis of soil. For the analysis of synthetic compounded multisources, a generalized Bayes classification is used after overlay, matching, and related coefficients have been determined. On the premise that various information sources are independent, global membership functions with probability are used to combine various pieces of information in order to apply them directly to the pixels and classifications of soil salinity. The experiment indicates that this analytical method is sound because of the increased speed of processing and its simplicity and improved precision of classification of salinity. Finally, it is necessary to examine and adjust the factors using expert intelligence. The experiment shows that synthetic analysis using the geographic information system can raise the precision of quantitative analysis of salinity, which has advantages for environmental monitoring and management.KEY WORDS: Salinity; Remote sensing; Thematic Mapper; Geographic information system; Classification 相似文献
70.
/ Intensive shrimp culture has been confined to relatively narrow bands of land along the seashores of tropical developing nations due to the need for large volumes of saltwater for water exchange during the culture period. Recent developments in Thailand suggest, however, that this close association could soon be a thing of the past. Large numbers of Thai farmers are adopting low-salinity culture systems that rely upon sea or salt pan water that is trucked inland. This development greatly increases the potential for establishing shrimp cultivation much further from the coast than previously believed possible. The migration of intensive shrimp farming into freshwater environments, however, raises serious concerns over the disposal of pond effluents and the impact of saltwater intrusion on surrounding agricultural activities. In the absence of effective government regulation of the expansion and operation of the shrimp culture industry, supporting local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community initiatives may be the only means of minimizing the negative impacts of shrimp farming on rural communities.KEY WORDS: Aquaculture; Shrimp; Salinity; Thailand 相似文献