Estimation of methane emission rate changes using age-defined waste in a landfill site

Long term methane emissions from landfill sites are often predicted by first-order decay (FOD) models, in which the default coefficients of the methane generation potential and the methane generation rate given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are usually used. However, previous studies have demonstrated the large uncertainty in these coefficients because they are derived from a calibration procedure under ideal steady-state conditions, not actual landfill site conditions. In this study, the coefficients in the FOD model were estimated by a new approach to predict more precise long term methane generation by considering region-specific conditions. In the new approach, age-defined waste samples, which had been under the actual landfill site conditions, were collected in Hokkaido, Japan (in cold region), and the time series data on the age-defined waste sample’s methane generation potential was used to estimate the coefficients in the FOD model. The degradation coefficients were 0.050 1/y and 0.062 1/y for paper and food waste, and the methane generation potentials were 214.4 mL/g-wet waste and 126.7 mL/g-wet waste for paper and food waste, respectively. These coefficients were compared with the default coefficients given by the IPCC. Although the degradation coefficient for food waste was smaller than the default value, the other coefficients were within the range of the default coefficients. With these new coefficients to calculate methane generation, the long term methane emissions from the landfill site was estimated at 1.35 × 10⁴ m³-CH₄, which corresponds to approximately 2.53% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in the city (5.34 × 10⁵ t-CO₂/y).     

物质流分析方法的理论及其应用研究

物质流分析既是发展循环经济重要的辅助手段，也是衡量循环经济发展水平的方法。目前，世界上的一些主要发达国家已经开展了物质流分析的研究与实践。我国物质流分析的研究尚处于起步阶段，特别是以城市为对象的区域物质流分析研究在我国尚处于起步和尝试阶段。为促进循环经济在我国的健康发展．应该结合我国实际，逐渐开展区（县）层面的物质流分析。本文在借鉴国外物质流分析的实践经验的基础上，以青岛市城阳区为例，运用物质流分析方法，首次对区（县）级行政区域进行了研究。此外，结合物质流分析结果，运用IPAT方程，建立了城阳区循环经济建设的指标体系，为其他地区实施区域层面物质流分析、建立循环经济建设指标体系提供了借鉴。研究表明．物质流分析对区域循环经济的规划建设具有重要意义。     

环渤海地区地面沉降成因分析与对策研究

地面沉降是环渤海地区主要环境地质灾害之一。发生面积广泛、沉降速率显著加快是本区这一灾害的两大突出特点。本文阐述了地面沉降对经济建设的危害 ,对其形成原因进行了探讨 ,并提出了相应对策     

少数民族地区常态灾害危害度评价

恶劣的自然地理条件和薄弱的社会经济基础,使自然灾害对少数民族地区社会经济和生态环境系统造成非常不利的影响。本文简要介绍了少数民族地区三种常态灾害———雪灾、滑坡和泥石流、地震灾害的概况和特点。提出了灾害危害度的定义和评价方法,应用该方法对近60年少数民族地区三种常态灾害进行危害度评价,将危害度结果划分为极严重、严重、较重和轻微四个等级,并基于ARCGIS软件绘制了灾害危害度评价等级图。最后分析了三种灾害危害度极严重地区,为少数民族地区防灾减灾、社会经济的可持续发展提供支持。     

资源型城市转型效率时空格局及影响因素探析：以陕甘宁能源富集区为例

基于数据包络分析、标准差椭圆和地理探测器方法，引入产业多样化指数和产业专业化指数，综合探讨陕甘宁资源型城市的转型效率、时空格局及其影响因素，得到2011—2020年陕甘宁资源型城市转型绩效综合得分及分布、不同发展阶段资源型城市转型绩效以及三省区各自资源型城市的转型绩效。结果表明：（1）2011—2020年陕甘宁资源型城市转型效率具有显著的时间和空间差异。（2）研究期内陕甘宁资源型城市转型效率空间分布格局基本保持稳定，仍以东西方向为主导。（3）地方财政一般预算内支出、城市建设用地面积、地区生产总值是影响资源型城市转型效率空间分异的主导因子。揭示了研究区资源型城市转型效率的发展演变态势及驱动因素，可为其持续优化转型提供决策依据。     

我国人力资本形成的阶段与区域特征分析

以经典Mincer收入方程为基础。通过引入教育、经验与区域变量。对1990年和2000年我国人力资本收益率及其影响因素进行估计。形成了关于我国人力资本发展阶段特征的基本判断。模型结果支持了正规教育对人力资本的影响由线性向非线性的变化。并且在平均收益率方面中等教育有着潜在优势；在经验因素中。工作前的经验比工作后的经验对收入影响更显重要；东部地区人力资本的形成与其他地区存在显着的差异。而东部以外的地区之间人力资本形成模式差异则不明显。     

基于TRMM降尺度和MODIS数据的综合干旱监测模型构建

京津冀地区是我国优质冬小麦的主产区之一,但在全球气候变暖影响下,该地区干旱灾害频发,因此准确监测京津冀地区旱情既能为区域农业生产提供科学指导,又起到保障国家粮食安全等重大战略作用。综合考虑干旱发生过程中大气降水—植被生长—土壤水分盈亏等致旱因子,首先利用GWR（Geographically Weighted Regression）模型对TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission）3B43数据进行降尺度处理,得到1 km分辨率的降水状态参数（Precipitation Condition Index,PCI）;再结合MODIS（Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）数据,得到植被状态指数（Vegetation Condition Index,VCI）、温度状态指数（Temperature Condition Index,TCI）,最后基于多元回归模型构建综合干旱指数（Comprehensive Drought Index,CDI）,以实现对京津冀地区干旱时空监测评价。结果表明：（1）基于GWR模型与占比系数法得到的1 km空间分辨率TRMM年数据、月尺度数据,不仅在空间分辨率上相比原始TRMM数据得到很大的提升,并且数据精度也通过了检验,表明降尺度分析提高了TRMM数据对研究区降水时空特征的描述能力;（2）监测模型结果与京津冀地区所经历的干旱历程等实际旱情基本一致,并且CDI指数与标准化降水指数（Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI）做相关分析,其相关系数R在0.45~0.85之间,与作物受旱面积做相关分析,相关系数R介于在-0.81~-0.86之间,与作物标准化单产进行相关分析,其相关系数R均大于0.6,并且均通过P<0.05的显著性检验,表明本文所构建的综合干旱监测模型在京津冀地区是适用的。     

长江源区沙化现象初步探讨

长江源区存在不同程度的沙化现象，沙地种类多样，分布广泛。沙化过程在高寒干旱的气候条件，丰富的物源条件，独特的冻土条件和为因素等综合影响下，从晚更新世末期开始，经过几次旋回一直持续到现在，对该区冻土环境、人类活动存在明显影响。     

水湿生经济植物开发及涝渍地农业模式研究

简要阐述了利用水生和湿生植物开发涝渍地的必要性，报导了四湖地区涝渍地进行水生和湿生经济植物引种栽培和优化农业模式试验方面的研究结果，还讨论了在平原湖区涝渍地水湿生经济作物优化农业模式的优越性和生态效益。     

Estuarine management strategies and the predictability of ecosystem changes

The Dutch Delta Region (S-W Netherlands) originally consisted of interconnected estuaries, interfacing the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Schelde with the North Sea. The ecosystems were immature, with physical rather than biological control of population dynamics. Main functions were shipping and shellfisheries. An emergent function of the interconnected estuaries was the buffering and upgrading of river-borne substances before they entered the sea. Execution of the Delta Project in the period 1960–1986 resulted in isolation of several water systems disconnected from rivers and sea, and loss of gradients within these systems. Population dynamics were now controlled by chemical and biological rather than physical factors. Vulnerability to external perturbation increased. These changes also affected the buffering capacity, i.e. reduced the utility of the area as stabiliser of the geosystem. Recreational use and appreciation of natural values increased, potentially conflicting with shipping and shellfisheries. Retrospective analysis of the environmental policy and management revealed three consecutive strategies in the Delta Project. 1. Reactive one-issue management, focusing on safety against flooding only. This strategy aimed at complete closure of the estuaries thus transforming them into fresh water lakes. It has destroyed feed-backs and buffering between coastal and inland waters. This strategy has not promoted sustainable development and has increased the vulnerability of the area to future catastrophes. 2. Protective bio-ecological management focused on the preservation of existing values of landscape and environment, and resulted in the maintenance of saline conditions and preservation of marshes by shore protection measures. The drawback of this passive orientation to existing values ?where they are now? is the necessity of continuous intensive care because the natural adaptive ability is not being restored. 3. Constructive geo-ecological management is based on understanding functional properties within and between ecosystems as integrated elements of the landscape structure. This strategy aims at environmental protection, restoration and development of values ?where they must be?. Re-establishment of gradients by e.g. re-introducing tidal influence and by restoring salt marshes should contribute to sustainable development.