WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: THE CASE FOR RIVER BASIN AUTHORITIES1

ABSTRACT: There is a lamentable absence of comprehensive planning in the current cursade to improve water quality. A serious shortcoming is the lack of evaluation of the effects of waste water treatment upon environmental quality. At some point in time the public may ask what they have obtained for their money. The nature of pollution in a river basin demands a coordinated attack against it. Engineering and economic criteria suggest that a properly empowered river basin authority would be the logical organization to plan and operate a water quality management system. Several forms of such authorities have operated effectively and efficiently for many years in the United States and other industrialized countries. Examples of successful river basin authorities and their advantages and methods of operation are discussed.     

USING COMPUTED STREAM FLOW IN WATERSHED ANALYSIS1

Modifications in the computed climatic water budget have made it possible to achieve good agreement between computed and measured stream flow on both a monthly and annual basis in basins without appreciable winter snow cover. Comparisons of computed and measured stream flow in 28 basins on the Delmarva peninsula show that for some basins the agreement is excellent (regression line essentially equals unity), for other basins the regression line has a slope of one but it is displaced above or below the y=x line, while for other basins, the slope of the regression line differs appreciably from unity. Study of the basins where agreement between computed and measured values is only fair to poor reveals that the patterns of disagreement can be used to provide information on the water holding capacity in the root zone of the soil, on the quantity of deep aquifer recharge within the basin, or on the effect of human modifications within the basin. The technique should also reveal the quantity of interbasin transfers or other consumptive uses within the basin. The water budget, thus, becomes a useful tool to study hydrologic characteristics or their changes over time within a basin.     

HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1900's the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been experiencing rapid agricultural development, through reclamation of the low-lying marshland by organized drainage districts, private land owners and corporations. These low-lying marsh areas, which constitute the floodplain, have been altered by the creation of levees, thereby reducing the natural storage capacity and permanently altering the regime of the system. This floodplain encroachment has resulted in both higher and lower water levels occurring in the upper basin area, and an increase in hydroperiod. This paper discusses the history and background of the basin accompanied by a hydrologic discussion, and suggests recommendations for a water management plan that could improve the overall operation and management of the Upper St. Johns River basin.     

THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR DESALINATION OF GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: The economic feasibility of a large scale dual purpose (desalting water and power production) facility were evaluated. Although a site in the Tularosa basin of southern New Mexico was chosen as a case study for this analysis, it is believed that the approach and consequential results would be applicable to alternative sites in the Southwest. The basic project evaluated included: a) a ground water well field; b) a dual purpose, nuclear, desalination plant; c) a mineral recovery plant; and d) a reservoir for recreation and irrigation storage. Principle project outputs included electrical power, minerals, recreation, and water for either irrigated agricultural production or export to an adjoining river basin. Two alternative project designs were developed for detailed analysis. The first alternative encompassed all major project components. The results, in discounted net values used to assess the feasibility of the project, were essentially negative; that is, values were less than zero for full scale development. The net benefits ranged from $-986.57 million at a 5 percent discount rate, to $-1,137.528 million at a discount rate of 10 percent. In the second alternative, exportation of the desalted water from the Tularosa basin to two adjacent rivers was analyzed with somewhat better net benefits, ranging from $-382,527 million to $-478,612 million at the 5 and 10 percent discount rates.     

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF ST. JOHNS RIVER,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The St. Johns River basin is the largest watershed entirely within the State of Florida, and is one of the few northward flowing rivers in the United States. The river basin contains 11,431 square miles, of which 9,430 square miles are drained by the river and its tributaries. The remainder drains into the Atlantic Ocean or the Intracoastal Waterway. Its largest sub-basin is the Oklawaha River basin, which has a drainage area of 2,870 square miles. Ground elevations range from sea level to 200 feet above mean sea level in the main river basin and as high as 300 feet above mean sea level in the Oklawaha River basin. This study was designed to investigate the surface water resources of the St. Johns River and the existing consumptive uses. The analysis revealed that the river is an extremely large and valuable resource which has been under-utilized and could play a much stronger role in serving the needs of the people in the basin.     

STABLE PROFILES OF PLUNGE BASINS1

The characteristics of scour holes were discussed including the problems created by them in relation to the hydraulic structures associated with their formation. The philosophy on the design and use of deflector buckets together with the need for plunge basins to dissipate the energy of the high velocity jets were reviewed. Laboratory observations were made to study the erosion of beds of gravel caused by water jets projected from spillway buckets. Flip buckets with 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees exit angles were utilized. One-quarter inch and %-inch nominal size bed materials were used in the investigation. The gravel was placed in a large comprehensive scour basin to observe their behavior when subjected to the water jets. Besides the formula derived for the maximum depth of scour, a set of dimensionless equations were developed to describe the three-dimensional configuration of scour holes. The dimensions of stable plunge basins could be obtained from these profiles.     

川东平行岭谷区自然景观垂直分异规律及综合分区--以重庆北碚区为例

以重庆市北碚区为代表,论述了川东平行岭谷区自然景观的垂直分异特征,并在此基础上对该区域进行了综合分区,再结合各分区内土地的自然特征采取不同的措施,从而做到因地制宜地发展各项生产.     

四川参与性体育旅游产品的创新开发

体育旅游产品体系庞大,能满足不同类型、不同层次旅游者的需要,具有较强的生命力.由于体育旅游产品深受大众喜爱,具有巨大的市场潜力和可观的经济效益,因此开发体育旅游产品是促进四川旅游业走向强大的重要战略.针对四川参与性体育旅游产品开发的问题以及发展体育旅游的条件,提出了创新开发四川参与性体育旅游产品的途径:①与其它类型的旅游产品有机结合,开发组合性体育旅游产品;②开发少数民族体育旅游资源;③深度开发著名景区的体育旅游资源.     

Procedures for ensuring community involvement in multijurisdictional river basins: a comparison of the Murray-Darling and Mekong river basins

Community involvement is fundamental to the management of multijurisdictional river basins but, in practice, is very difficult to achieve. The Murray-Darling basin, in Australia, and the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia are both cooperatively managed multijurisdictional river basins where the management authorities have expressed an aim of community involvement. In the Murray-Darling basin vigorous efforts have promoted a culture of community consultation throughout each of the state jurisdictions involved, although true participation has not necessarily been achieved. In the Mekong basin the community is much more diverse and the successes so far have been largely at the local level, involving action in subsections of the basin. These case studies suggest that community involvement in the form of community consultation across large multijurisdictional river basins is achievable, but more comprehensive participation is not necessarily possible.     

川西平原比利时杜鹃商品化盆栽技术

本文结合川西平原的气候特点和多年栽培实践,阐述了比利时杜鹃的生物学特性及生志习性,提出了特别是元旦、春节等节日用花的商品化盆栽技术要求．