川西地区气田废水处理技术及应用

简要介绍了川西地区气田废水的水质特征,阐述了物理及化学处理、生物处理、气田废水回注在川西地区的应用,其中齐福废水处理站经过物理及化学处理之后、袁家废水处理站经过生物处理后,基本达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996),并对川西气田废水处理技术的发展做了展望。     

新疆艾比湖流域平原区景观土壤属性特征研究

以新疆艾比湖流域平原区为对象,在对研究区进行景观生态分类及野外调查验证的基础上,利用＂3S＂技术将1∶100×104的新疆土壤类型图与研究区景观类型图叠加,从土壤属性层次上对研究区各类景观的生态土壤类型进行确认,并分析其在研究区内分布的特征。结果表明：研究区主要土壤类型为26类,以石膏灰棕漠土所占比例最大,占研究区总面积的19.03%,棕钙土、荒漠风沙土、草甸盐土、盐化草甸土、和灌耕灰漠土等面积也较大。     

新疆干旱区流域生态需水问题研究

通过对新疆平原区荒漠和绿洲两种生态系统的分析,特别是对天然绿洲生态系统中人工绿洲水资源利用方式及过程的分析,尝试性提出生态需水量在流域规划和水资源管理中的定位、不同生态系统的保护方式和基本生态水量的确定方式,并简述了新疆奎屯河流域以生态退水作为恢复流域生态水量的实例。     

The South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project of China: Environmental Implications and Monitoring Strategy1

Abstract: In 2002, China launched the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project after completing a 50‐year feasibility study. By 2050, the three‐route (i.e., East, Middle, and West) project will be capable of transferring 44.8 billion m³/year of water from the water rich Yangtze River to the arid north to alleviate water shortage and help secure a balanced social and economic development across the nation. However, diversion of such a large quantity of water could profoundly change the riverine environment of the upper Yellow River and the lower reach of the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River and the water supplying area of the project’s Middle Route, because of changes in the annual discharge. Secondary salinization seems inevitable in the water receiving areas of the North China Plain, and decrease in the discharge of the Yangtze River will result in seawater intrusion into the Yangtze Delta. This paper describes the project and discusses its environmental implications. Additionally, a long‐term monitoring strategy under the umbrella of the Chinese Ecological Research Network is proposed for environmental monitoring.     

长江流域年平均气温的时空变化特征

利用长江流域146个气象站点1960~2005年的逐年气温资料,选用EOF和REOF方法识别长江流域年平均气温空间变化特征,并对长江流域年平均气温变化敏感区域进行时间演变分析和突变检测。研究表明:长江流域年平均气温主要有2种空间振荡型（即全流域气温变化趋向一致型和流域内气温变化存在东西向差异型）,3个变化敏感区域（长江流域中下游地区、长江流域南部和金沙江流域）。3个变化敏感区域的年平均气温都在20世纪90年代明显升高,且均在90年代后期呈突变增加,其中金沙江流域升温趋势最为明显,气候倾向率为0.20℃/10a。全流域1991~2005年年平均气温距平空间分布表明,自1991年以来全流域都为升温趋势,其中长江流域中下游地区和金沙江流域是升温幅度最大的地区。     

乌江干流中上游水电梯级开发水温累积效应

以乌江流域洪家渡库尾至乌江渡坝下的水电工程干扰典型段为研究区域,利用建坝前后的水温实测资料,采用建坝前天然水温和建坝后下泄水温比较法,对乌江干流梯级水库水温时空分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明：对天然水温改变最大的电站为洪家渡和乌江渡,前者是受水库水温结构自身影响,后者是梯级联合运行的结果;梯级联合运行使库区水温分层有所减弱,随着时间的推移或上游梯级电站的建成,电站下泄水温年变化过程趋于均化,与天然水温的延迟也越加明显;不同的水库水温结构对水温累积效应的影响也各不相同,稳定分层型水库对水温累积具有正效应,混合型水库具有负效应,过渡型水库处于两者之间,体现了梯级电站的水温累积影响,为研究减缓下泄低温水的对策措施提供依据和参考。     

长江流域的空间结构研究

在认识空间结构内涵与确定研究范围的基础上,运用主成分和聚类分析方法,获得了长江流域的空间分异状况。长江流域空间结构符合核心 边缘结构模式,包括3个一级核心、8个二级核心、两大跨省成长三角、1条主轴、2条辅轴、3条地方轴、1个外围区和1个边缘区。长江流域空间结构的演变,经历了低水平的离散型阶段、极化发展的非均衡阶段、扩散的多核非均衡阶段,未来将向区域一体化的高水平均衡阶段发展。从聚散原理、空间相互作用和国家宏观区域发展战略等3方面,分析了长江流域空间结构的演变机制。长江流域空间结构的优化,要从内部要素与外部力量两方面入手做3件事情。一要加快单个节点的发展和尽快形成核心区域,尤其是上游地区要构建一个以成渝为双核的兼顾南北较大范围的成长多边形;二要加快东西通道的建设和注重主轴与辅轴间的连接通道的构建或完善;三要注重基于市场一体化的区域空间治理体制的创新.     

我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新初探

在以水资源过度开发、水环境污染、水资源短缺及用水效率和效益低下为主要标志的水危机日益凸显的今天,探寻和构建与中国国情相适应、并能反映先进生态水文化的现代水资源管理模式,是解决我国流域目前面临的水问题、应对未来不断加剧的水危机、实现区域经济与社会可持续发展的必由之路和战略抉择.在对国内外水资源管理模式的发展动态及研究进展系统评述的基础上,本文提出从传统的以行政区域为单元、以政府为主导、以供水管理为核心的水资源管理模式向以流域为单元、以市场为主导、以需水管理为基础的水资源综合管理模式的转变,是未来我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新的重要发展方向,并从流域水资源的管理制度、文化体系、管理模式、法律及政策体系方面进行详细论述.     

An eco-environmental water demand based model for optimising water resources using hybrid genetic simulated annealing algorithms. Part II. Model application and results

The present optimisation model described in Part I of this work is applied to optimise water resources in the Haihe river basin, an important basin in north China that covers 31.82 million km². Results show that this optimisation model with the HGSAA solution is feasible and effective in the long-term optimisation of water resource use. It is shown that the combined forecasting method can improve the forecast precision. The results obtained indicate that the mean relative errors of BP and polynomial models are 2.3% and 4.9%, respectively, while that of the combined forecasting method is 1.93% in a case study on the Tumahe River for 2010. The combined forecasting method performs better because it incorporates various forecasting methods. The optimisation results show that both domestic and eco-environmental water demands can satisfy the requirements of the forecasting procedure, and the harmonious indices all exceeded 0.7. The Luanhe River is the most water-scarce sub-basin in the Haihe river basin.     

An Integrated Approach Towards Assessing the Value of Water: A Case Study on the Zambezi Basin

The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for assessing the value of water in the different stages in the water cycle. It is hypothesised that if a cubic metre of water provides some benefit in some spot at a certain moment, this cubic metre of water has a certain value not only at that point in space and time, but in its previous stages within the water cycle as well. This means that, while water particles flow from upstream to downstream, water values ‘flow’ in exactly the opposite direction. The value of water in a certain place is equal to its value in situ plus an accumulated value derived from downstream. This value-flow concept is elaborated for the Zambezi basin. It is found that water produces the smallest direct economic benefits in the upper part of the Zambezi basin. However, water flows in this part of the basin − due to their upstream location − have the highest indirect values. Return flows from the water-using sectors are particularly valuable in the upstream sub-basins. The analysis shows that the value per unit of river water increases if we go from downstream to upstream. Another finding of the study is that percolation of rainwater is generally more valuable than surface runoff. Finally, a plan to export water from the river Zambezi to South Africa is evaluated in terms of its opportunity costs. The results of this study show that the value-flow concept offers the possibility of accounting for the cyclic nature of water when estimating its value. It is stressed, however, that for the current study many crude assumptions had to be made, so that the exact numbers presented should be regarded with extreme caution. Further research is necessary to provide more precise and validated estimates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.