张家口市洋河、桑干河流域水环境健康风险评价

张家口市洋河、桑干河流域近几年来水质持续改善,为逐步恢复流域水质和下游官厅水库饮用水备用水源功能提供了条件.文章利用水环境健康风险评价模型,选取了2006年该流域水质监测数据,对流域内10个监测断面由饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,该流域水体对人体健康危害最大的是化学致癌物Cr(VI),在各个监测断面中Cr(VI)的个人年风险均超过ICRP推荐的标准.同时,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险超过非致癌物的个人年风险;因此对该流域水体的含化学致癌物Cr(VI)和As废水进行控制和治理是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径.     

欧盟跨界流域管理对我国水环境管理的借鉴意义

欧洲联盟在跨界流域管理方面取得了显著的成果,积累了丰富的经验,这对我国的水环境管理,尤其是跨界流域管理工作具有重要的借鉴意义。首先从立法保障、管理机构、运行机制、资金保障和公众参与等5个方面分析了欧盟跨界流域管理的经验和做法;并对我国水环境跨界管理现状进行了解析。在上述基础上,针对我国的水环境管理工作提出了3方面的建议,即：完善法律法规,明确各级政府对流域跨界断面的监管职责,充分利用市场机制,形成保护合力;制定流域综合管理规划,协调专项规划,确保跨界断面水生态保护目标的实现;鼓励公众参与,全方位促进和改善跨界流域管理工作。     

淮河流域及洪泽湖水质的演变趋势分析

利用洪泽湖及其淮河入湖河段的水质监测数据，分析了近30年来洪泽湖水质的变化趋势，重点研究了“八五”、“九五”期间洪泽湖水质的季节与年际变化规律；通过对淮河干流、省界河流代表站及全流域国家基本站水质监测数据的综合分析，论述了淮河流域水质变化的总体趋势；研究表明，全流域水质恶化的趋势已经基本得到遏止，水质有所改善，但波动性大，部分河段特别是省界河流污染仍然较严重，集中排污所引起的污染事故仍时有发生。近几年“达标排放”等污染治理工作取得了显著的成就，但“淮河、洪泽湖水变清”，依然“任重道远”；淮河流域位于温度变化的南北过渡带，当属于我国最大的Ecotone(生态交错带）类型之一，建议基于其Ecotone的生态实质，进行流域污染的治理和生态的重建工作。     

Evapotranspiration in the Meso‐Scale Forested Watersheds in Minjiang Valley,West China1

Abstract: Information on evapotranspiration (ET) can help us understand water balance, particularly in forested watersheds. Previous studies in China show that ET was relatively low (30‐40% of total precipitation) in the Minjiang Valley located in the upper reach of the Yangtze River Basin. However, this conclusion was derived from research on small‐scale watersheds (<100 km²). The objective of this paper was to present ET information on meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley. Four meso‐scale watersheds (1,700‐5,600 km²) located in the Minjiang Valley were used to estimate ET using the water balance approach. We first generated forest vegetation variables (coniferous forest percentage, forest cover percentage, and derived forest vegetation index) using remote sensing data. Landsat 5 TM satellite images, acquired on June 26, 1994, were selected for the vegetation classification. Actual annual ET was calculated based on 11‐year estimated precipitation and measured streamflow data (1992‐2002). We also calculated potential ET (PET) using an improved Thornthwaite model for all four watersheds for the period of 1992‐1998. PET can provide additional information about potential capacity of water flux to atmosphere in the region. Seasonal (dry and rainy) PET and ET for all studied watersheds were also estimated for comparison purposes as the water balance approach, at shorter than annual scales, would likely provide inaccurate estimates of ET. The dominant vegetations in the Minjiang Valley were grasslands, conifer forests, and shrub‐lands. Our results confirmed that both ET and PET for three studied meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley is relatively low (39.5‐43.8 and 28.2‐47.7% for ET and PET, respectively), with an exception of ET in the Yuzixi watershed being 71.1%. This result is generally consistent with previous research at small watershed scales. Furthermore, the low ET across various scales in the Minjiang Valley may be related to the unique deeply cut valley environment.     

从《清史稿》看清代淮河流域的水灾——兼述1991年淮河水灾的历史原因

本文对《清史稿·河渠志》及《清史稿·灾异志》中有关淮河流域的水灾资料进行了系统的整理和分析,从中可以窥出清代淮河流域水灾规律之大概。     

渭河流域"05.10"洪涝灾害特征分析

利用2005年9~10月渭河流域内各气象站和水文站的资料,对2005年渭河流域致洪暴雨的雨情、水情及灾情进行分析。对洪水的特征,水情、河道的概况,特大洪灾的降水特点进行总结,得出“05.10”洪水具有降水范围广、水位高、洪水倒灌、灾害重等特征,造成的经济损失严重。揭示了洪灾形成的主要原因,从而对减少洪灾的形成和流域的治理提出有关建议,达到防灾减灾的目的。     

四川省宗祠旅游资源分析及其开发利用研究

作为中国传统社会遗留下来的特殊人文景观,宗祠是当今旅游业中的重要支撑资源。四川省宗祠旅游资源类型丰富,拥有以文庙、三国蜀汉文臣武将专祠、文化名人专祠、祭祀同族祖先的祠堂等为代表的资源体系。四川省宗祠旅游资源具有文化内涵深厚、专祠品位高、文物价值大等显著特征,具有良好的开发前景。从规划、宣传、线路开发等多维角度提出了开发利用的建议。     

流域防洪体系防洪安全评价研究

提出了防洪安全评价的概念，建立了防洪安全评价指标体系；提出利用熵值法确定指标权重，采用多层次模糊优选评价模型对防洪安全进行评价；以辽宁省辽河流域为例，对不同历史时期防洪安全状况进行了比较，结果与实际相符。     

Equity and productivity assessments in the Olifants River basin, South Africa

Emerging approaches to water resources development and management typically highlight equity and productivity as two main objectives. In the context of integrated water resources management within a river basin, managers and stakeholders often need a comparative assessment of different options for water augmentation and/or allocation. Pitting such options against predefined objectives, such as equity and productivity, requires an assessment of the effects that available options will have on these objectives. Available documentation indicates that not only does the interpretation of such objectives vary widely, but also the available methods for assessing equity and productivity run into significant limitations in the availability of adequate data. This limitation has largely kept decision makers from gaining a comprehensive overview of equity and productivity scenarios, whether within or across sectors, that could facilitate better‐informed decisions. To address this methodological gap, this article scrutinizes different notions associated with equity and water productivity, and limitations in prevalent assessment methods with the view to develop and demonstrate pragmatic methodologies for assessing equity and productivity in data‐scarce contexts. The discussion and findings are based on a review of relevant literature and empirical and consultative research work in the Olifants River basin in South Africa. The demonstrated methodologies for assessing equity and productivity, besides being useful in data‐scarce contexts, are insightful for initiating several policy measures and also for exploring the relationship between equity and water productivity.     

CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.