拉伸型渭河盆地地震孕育发生的构造模型

依据拉伸型渭河盆地块体周边断裂活动特征和块体运动特征,建立了盆地地震孕育发生的构造模型,旨在探索地震孕育发生的机制,为研究类似盆地地震孕育、发生及其分布规律和地震监测预报、震灾防御等各项防震减灾工作部署提供科学依据。     

REGIONAL RUNOFF SIMULATION FOR SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN1

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of simulating monthly runoff for southeast Michigan, which comprises four major river basins, was evaluated with the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation watershed model. The evaluation covered a 13-year period (1961–73), which encompassed a complete runoff cycle. Results indicate it is feasible to simulate monthly runoff volumes on a regional scale with a single equivalent watershed by using daily precipitation and temperature data. Simulation of regional flows appears particularly attractive for the Great Lakes basin, since the basin consists of many relatively small watersheds. This method also appears promising for development of monthly runoff forecasts by employing average monthly meteorological data distributed on a daily basis. Tests of six-month runoff forecasts show relatively small deterioration with time and offer considerable improvement over climatology.     

ARE RIVER BASINS THE BEST FRAMEWORK FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING,DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT?

The author cites many discrepancies in using river basins as a framework for water resources planning, development, and management. He suggests that a national planning framework, an urban region framework, or increased attention to regional externalities might be viable. However, basically the author is seeking to elicit suggestions and recommendations from the readers.     

2010~2017年四川省机动车污染物排放趋势分析

四川省机动车保有量日益增加,本研究基于特定的清单计算方法及多口径的活动水平数据,得到四川省2010~2017年机动车尾气污染物排放量.结果表明,四川省小型载客汽车的保有量增长最快,不管是机动车还是小型载客车保有量的增速,均高于全国平均增速;2017年四川省机动车共排放CO、NO_x、SO₂、NH₃、HC、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、BC和OC分别为706.9、275.3、0.3、5.7、164.8、8.1、8.9、4.1和1.4 kt,除NH₃以外,四川省所排放的其他污染物呈现波动中下降的趋势,在2014~2016年前后达到高值.柴油车的保有量变化与NO_x的变化显示出较强的相关性;新车排放标准加严是最具有减排潜力的措施之一,同时随着实施年份的增长,显示的减排潜力越大,燃油品质的提升对于污染物的减排每年也会有6%以上的减排效力.未来应将HC和NO_x减排作为四川省机动车管控的重要内容.     

四川盆地多层逆温特征及其对大气污染的影响

利用2015~2018年探空观测资料以及国家生态环境部发布的环境空气质量监测数据,对四川盆地多层逆温这一特殊的、尚未见详细报道的逆温结构进行了研究,并评估不同逆温类型及垂直结构对大气污染的影响.结果表明：四川盆地多层逆温实际上是一种并不少见的现象,年平均出现频率为20.1%.冬季最为频发,成都冬季高达51.6%.以边界层逆温叠加对流层低层逆温（LTI）的配置为主要特征.依据其垂直结构,划分为四种配置类型,即贴地逆温（SI）叠加脱地逆温（EI）、SI+LTI、EI+LTI、SI+EI+LTI,分别对应第I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、IV类多层逆温.其中以第Ⅱ、Ⅲ类多层逆温为主.逆温的叠加作用对大气污染的影响更大,多层逆温（特别是第Ⅱ、IV类多层逆温）尤其加大了中度及重度污染出现的可能性.第I、IV类多层逆温对污染物扩散的抑制作用最为明显,其次是第Ⅱ类多层逆温和仅SI（即只出现SI）.第Ⅱ类多层逆温在污染最重的冬季出现频率高、强且厚,叠加抑制作用明显,应是重点关注对象.     

基于城镇污水处理厂运行情况的城镇生活污水污染核算方法——以滇池流域城镇生活污水污染核算为实例

根据城镇污水处理厂运行情况和城市供排水平衡分析提出一种简化的城镇居民生活污染源产排污总量核算的思路与方法,并以滇池流域为例核算了2010年滇池流域城镇居民生活主要污染物产生与排放总量。     

四川省农业生产环境压力分析

研究主要采用产排污系数法,分析了2012年四川省农业投入品使用量及残留量,以及主要农业残留物产量,以咨环境管理参考。结果发现,四川全省化肥施用强度、农药使用强度和农用塑料薄膜残留量较大,化肥施用强度超标;年末作物秸秆产量3504.2万吨,焚烧(焚烧比20%)排放的细颗粒物质和总悬浮颗粒物超过4.0万吨;主要粪便污染物是COD与总氮,粪肥年施氮量及总磷均超过还田限值。农业稳定增产条件下,农业环境压力将持续增加。     

天气形势对2014 — 2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响

天气形势是驱动大气污染物变化的最初动力,其与大气污染有着密切联系.探究天气形势对各季节空气质量的影响,可为污染防控提供一定的指导意见.本文利用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、环境监测数据,研究了天气形势对2014?—?2018年关中地区各季节空气质量的影响.结果表明:春、秋、冬季"槽西南型"和"高压东南型"对大气污染物浓度...     

长江流域(安徽段)土壤-作物系统重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究长江流域安徽段土壤-作物系统重金属的污染特征及健康风险,采集了水稻和小麦及其根系土样品338组,测定了8种重金属含量,采用污染指数法、潜在生态危害、多元统计分析和健康风险进行评价.结果表明,水稻根系土和小麦根系土重金属含量均超过江淮流域背景,根系土Cd、 Cu、 Cr和Ni具有明显的积累效应,水稻根系土较小麦土污染严重;潜在生态风险为轻微-中等风险等级,主要来源于Cd和Hg元素.多元统计分析显示Cu、 Pb、 Zn和Cd为工业源和农业源,Cr、 Ni为自然源,As和Hg为农业源.水稻对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>Ni>As>Cr=Pb,小麦对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Zn>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>As=Pb>Cr;根系土重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经口摄入是发生非致癌风险的主要暴露途径.非致癌风险评价表明小麦根系土对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险,但不存在致癌风险.摄入水稻和小麦对成人和儿童均有一定程度的非致癌风险和不可接受的致癌风险.     

Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

Abstract

In this article, annual evapotranspiration (ET) and net primary productivity (NPP) of four types of vegetation were estimated for the Lushi basin, a subbasin of the Yellow River in China. These four vegetation types include: deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, dwarf shrub and grass. Biome-BGC—a biogeochemical process model was used to calculate annual ET and NPP for each vegetation type in the study area from 1954 to 2000. Daily microclimate data of 47 years monitored by Lushi meteorological station was extrapolated to cover the basin using MT-CLIM, a mountain microclimate simulator. The output files of MT-CLIM were used to feed Biome-BGC. We used average ecophysiological values of each type of vegetation supplied by Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) in the University of Montana as input ecophysiological constants file. The estimates of daily NPP in early July and annual ET on these four biome groups were compared respectively with field measurements and other studies. Daily gross primary production (GPP) of evergreen needle leaf forest measurements were very close to the output of Biome-BGC, but measurements of broadleaf forest and dwarf shrub were much smaller than the simulation result. Simulated annual ET and NPP had a significant correlation with precipitation, indicating precipitation is the major environmental factor affecting ET and NPP in the study area. Precipitation also is the key climatic factor for the interannual ET and NPP variations.