湘中涟源煤盆测水组煤动力变质作用的特征及其成因探讨

从煤变质程度、煤变质特征、煤变质带展布、煤的物理性质和结构构造、煤化学结构等方面．论述了湘中涟源煤盆早石炭世测水组煤动力变质作用的特征，并对其成因进行了探讨。     

长江流域湖泊湿地生态环境状况分析

在对长江流域湖泊湿地长期调查或考察的基础上,首先明确了长江流域湖泊湿地的战略地位,进而提出其当前存在的人水争地等主要生态环境问题。在此基础上从气候变化以及人类活动的角度对湖泊湿地在调蓄洪水、净化水质、保护湖泊生物多样性等方面的功能和关系作了探讨。认为随着经济发展和人口的增加,人水争地矛盾将愈来愈突出,加之种种因素造成的生态环境破坏,流域湖泊湿地生态环境压力将愈来愈大,并业已成为国民经济发展的制约因素。文章可为寻求长江流域湖泊湿地治理及管理对策提供基础资料或信息。     

川西亚高山针叶林凋落物对土壤理化性质的影响

研究了川西地区亚高山人工云杉林及天然林凋落物变化及其对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明30 a人工云杉林、40 a人工云杉林及次生林和原始林年凋落量分别为2.67×103 kg hm-2、4.38×103 kg hm-2、4.27×103 kg hm-2和4.77×103 kg hm-2,枯枝落叶层贮量分别为3.19×104 kg hm-2、3.64×104 kg hm-2、1.42×105 kg hm-2和1.45×105 kg hm-2,通过凋落物归还土壤的营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的年归还总量依次为82.01 kg hm-2、129.04 kg hm-2、130.57 kg hm-2、170.55 kg hm-2,凋落物年失重率分别为24.35%、22.87%、36.96%和32.23%,人工林凋落物分解一半所需时间约为2.5 a,天然林约为1.6 a.各样地土壤含水量、孔隙度和养分含量大致表现为次生林≈原始林>30 a人工林>40 a人工林.森林年凋落量、枯枝落叶层贮量、养分归还量和年失重率与土壤自然含水率、有机质、N、P、K的含量呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关.人工云杉林生态功能的恢复滞后于次生林,凋落物分解缓慢是影响该地区土壤水分和养分状况的重要因素.人工云杉林进入旺盛生长期后,凋落量增加,养分归还量增大,此时期森林对土壤肥力有较高的补给潜力;但凋落物分解过缓,大量养分元素累积于枯枝落叶层,不能及时进入土壤,造成土壤理化性质状况较差.图1 表6 参18     

花椒农林复合生态系统的简化对某些相关因子的影响

对单一种植和复合种植两种模式的花椒林地(即有草模式和无草模式)进行了相关生态因子的对比调查,以评价现存花椒林单一模式的合理性．结果表明,在单一种植模式下,花椒林的高度、地径和冠幅虽显著优于复合模式,但是病虫害严重;两种模式中土壤含水率均是随土层厚度的增加而增大,但是变幅有较大差异：复合模式的变幅较稳定,为7．59%～23．79％;而单一模式的变化较剧烈,为4．73％～49．72％,复合模式的土壤含水率显著高于单一模式．复合模式的昆虫种类、多样性、丰富度和均匀度也明显高于单一模式,其中单一模式中的肉食性和寄生性昆虫种类低于复合模式,而植食性蚜虫数量则高于复合模式,暗示单一模式中天敌的栖境和资源以及特定的食草昆虫与有益菌缺少．讨论认为,杂草在花椒林生态系统中起着重要的生态作用,现存的单一种植模式虽然对花椒的生长和产量有利,但却是以牺牲农林系统的可持续发展以及生物多样性为代价的．表3参9。     

INSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS FOR THE COLORADO RIVER1

ABSTRACT: In many interstate river basins, the institutional arrangements for the governance and management of the shared water resource are not adequately designed to effectively address the many political, legal, social, and economic issues that arise when the demands on the resource exceed the available supplies. Even under normal hydrologic conditions, this problem is frequently seen in the Colorado River Basin. During severe sustained drought, it is likely that the deficiencies of the existing arrangements would present a formidable barrier to an effective drought response, interfering with efforts to quickly and efficiently conserve and reallocate available supplies to support a variety of critical needs. In the United States, several types of regional arrangements are seen for the administration of interstate water resources. These arrangements include compact commissions, interstate councils, basin interagency committees, interagency-interstate commissions, federal-interstate compact commissions, federal regional agencies, and the single federal administrator. Of these options, the federal-interstate compact commission is the most appropriate arrangement for correcting the current deficiencies of the Colorado River institution, under all hydrologic conditions.     

Soluble Mineral Content in Surficial Alluvium and Associated Mancos Shale1

ABSTRACT: The Mancos Shale area of the Upper Colorado River basin produces large quantities of solutes. In order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of salt production and to determine the source of salinity, a study of the soluble mineral content (SMC) of Mancos Shale and associated alluvium was undertaken. SMC is highly variable in alluvium and associated surficial Mancos Shale. However, lithomorphological units can be identified in terms of their SMC. Results from this study demonstrate that crusts are leached in deep alluvial fills and they contain somewhat less soluble minerals than underlying Mancos Shale on hillslopes. The crusts are saline, sometimes efflorescent, in shale bedrock channels or where channels abutt against the shale. SMC increases in alluvium with decrease in depth of alluvial fill, does not vary significantly with depth in deep of alluvial fills, and increases with depth in shallow ones.     

模糊聚类分析在区域自然灾害区划的应用：以四川省为例

本文通过对四川省自然灾害分布规律的分析,提出其区划的原则和要求,并引入模糊聚类的方法,对四川省自然灾害进行分区划片,目的是为区域规划提供减灾的重点方向。     

南水北调中线工程对汉江流域疾病流行的影响

本文在分析湖北省局部地区自然疫源变化及疾病趋势的基础上,指出了南水北调中线工程可能对地氟病、血吸虫、疟疫、乙脑及其它水源性疾病所带来的影响,并提出了建设性的建议和对策。     

四川盆地丘陵区紫色土退化研究 Ⅰ.紫色土物理特性及退化特征

本文研究了四川盆地几种典型退化紫色土的基本物理特性及对其蚀、旱等肥力退化(?)征的影响。研究指出,退化紫色土的粗骨颗粒(>10μm)占52.00%～69.97%;粗微结构体(>10μm占72.29%～82.54%,而结构系数却较低;粗孔隙(>10μm)占32.21%～38.15%;在各吸力下土壤持水量均较低;土壤蒸发达到平衡时的历时较短等特性部是影响紫色土易蚀、易旱的重要原因采用侵蚀度、水容量和失水比评价其易蚀、易旱性看出:各类典型紫色土退化较重,沙溪庙组饱和(?)紫色土则退化较轻。     

川中坡地沟稻垄杂技术及其效益分析

四川坡耕地水土流失十分严重。沟稻垄杂耕作法是在同一坡地空间实行垄沟植稻,垄上(埂)种植红苕、玉米和豆类等杂粮的一种水土保持耕作方法。据在川中遂宁等地试验、示范、推广,沟稻垄杂耕作法可使坡耕地水份流失量减少96.03%、泥沙流失量减少98.77%;杂粮保产外,每亩坡地可增收稻谷11 1.3kg。本文介绍了沟稻垄杂耕作效益及栽培技术。